Human Growth and Development Essay Example for Free

Human Growth and Development EssayWithin the Hispanic culture, the generations that pay come before us have struggled to keep traditions resilient and thriving. Putting emphasis on proper traditions and celebrations is grand. Our elders believe that it will keep our heritage strong. For example, there ar cardinal holidays that I would like to discuss, that are important to the Hispanic culture. These two holiday celebrations are Christmas and Dia de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead. Both of these holidays are celebrate enthusiastically, with food, family, music, and fun. My family takes pride in celebrating both of these holidays. The Day of the Dead, celebrated on November 1 and November 2 of each year, is a joyful holiday celebration, despite its morbid name. Death, particularly of a loved whizz, is celebrated as a virgin stage of life. Families decorate the graves with offerings such as toys, flowers, and small items that belonged to the deceased. This holiday is c elebrated to honor the spirits, and life, of those who have died. One major cultural tradition that is celebrated during Christmas, other than Christmas itself, is Posada.This tradition is celebrated during the nine days before Christmas Eve. The travel of Saint Joseph and a pregnant Mary to Bethlehem is reenacted. Two statues, one of Saint Joseph and one of Mary, are carried to three predetermined house where the residents are asked for shelter. Two of those houses refuse shelter for the family. The third house accepts the plea for shelter, representing the Inn Keeper who helped the family. A Novena, a prayer with the rosary, then occurs. After the prayer there is a party. The last day of Posada is the celebration of the birth of Jesus.The two cultural traditions described above have influenced not only my own information, but they have also helped the society develop. Within my own development, the environsal exposure, combined with more modern traditions, has helped me develop my esthesis of self and my own morals. The culture, as taught by our elders, has showed me the importance on the family in fostering the development of others. Within the society, the Hispanic culture, as with any culture, has helped to broaden the experience of others.This has helped children understand that there are differences between people not every soulfulness is the same. Question 2 Explain the difference between an examine, a study, and a quasi experiment, using detail. An experiment is used to determine a somebodys behavior and/or development by altering different characterizations of the environment. The qualified variable would represent the behavior and/or development that is expected from the experiment. The in parasitical variable represents the measures that would be taken by the experimenter, and also represents the cause in a cause and effect relationship.For example, if a researcher was testing treatments to slow the progression of multiple sclerosis, the typ e of treatment would be called the independent variable, while the lesion scans would be called the dependent variable. There are a few factors that have to be considered before considering an experiment the control group must consist of members that are randomly selected and tinct to the experimental group the object(s) of the experiment must be accurately categorized and all experiments must be legal. A study consists of one group or person. There is no need for a control group or experimental characteristics.The function of a study is to provide in normalation that is collected and analyzed. Observing, testing, and interviewing are all techniques used in a study. A study can spark an interest in experimentation. A study can help form a hypothesis that can be used for experimentation. Many of the early development information were derived from using a study on individuals. The information that was gained from such studies lead to experiments changing variables, which in turn gave way to much of the information we now have published regarding gracious development.A quasi experiment is same to a regular experiment except for a few details While a normal experiment uses random selecting and control groups, the quasi experiment uses a matching technique. Quasi experimenting uses elaboration the process of sub-classifying or reclassifying variables. Quasi experimenting also involves narrowing down the dependent variable, known as specification. Question 3 Some developmental theorists focus on culture (Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky) and others focus on individual history and experience (Skinner and Freud).Compare and contrast these theorists influences and how we see gentleman development today while referring to their theorys strengths and weaknesses. Freuds believed that a persons emotions and drives are influenced by the subconscious mind. Each person is unaware of the reasons by which they strive to fill their biological needs. For example, a woman may over eat as a way of subconsciously substituting food for frustration. Bronfenbrenner believed that a persons development was centered around their environment.The interaction between a persons biology, family, and society determines the development of that person. Any changes in a persons environment could also change that persons development. Skinner used operant conditioning, which theorized that a specific behavior could be changed through strengthener or punishment. Skinner believed that human development depended on the persons learning experience. This theory believed that a behavior could be changed or removed with either positive or negative reinforcement.Vygotsky stressed the importance of social interaction as a fundamental role of development. Full social interaction would require cognitive development. Vygotskys theory was that of a social development theory, similar in comparison to Piaget. Question 4 Nature vs. Nurture. Discuss the gene/environment debate in terms of th e interaction of genetics, biology, maturation, learning, society, and culture. Nature and nurtureone uses our environment as a determining factor for development, while the other uses human biology as a determining factor for development.Using nature as a determining factor theorizes that human development is left to what is encoded into human DNA. With this factor, humans have no control over their own development. Using nurture theorizes that the environment controls human development. With this factor, if the environment is changed, development can also be changed. This will always be a constant debate among the psychological community because of the fact that no two people are the same, and therefore, no two people develop the same.

How to Analyize and Argue an Essay Essay Example for Free

How to Analyize and Argue an Essay EssayA critique is an leaven in which you evaluate (comment on the positive and controvert aspects of) an essay or member. A critique can be positive (reasons the argument worked), contradict (reasons the argument did non work), or shaded (reasons parts of it worked and parts of it didnt). When you redeem a critique, it is important to keep in mind that you ar not making suggestions for the author odds atomic number 18 the author isnt interested in what you think she could have done differentlyyou are writing for another reader. A critique is often born out of reaction (you liked or disliked the argument), but is based on and tined by close reading and evaluation, not just how you feel. Writing a critique requires that you have a clear understanding of the essay. You should know the argument, the purpose, and the ways that the author punts the argument. If you cant clearly articulate those things, youll have a hard time critiquing them . For tips on that process, go across the summary page. Sometimes a critique is called an analysis or a close reading.In all cases youre offering your own reasoned receipt to the ideas that the author presents and the way the writer presents them. What to do Begin by summarizing the snatch. Youll likely need a brief overview in your introduction anyway, and it never hurts to have a firm sense of the argument in your head before you begin a critique. In many cases your instructor will require you to begin a critique with a summary. Decide whether your critique will be positive or negative. Are you interested in the positives of the piece or the negatives? Did the author convince you or not?Do you call for to highlight a combination of positive and negative? Pick several specific assigns from the essay that you wish to drop as your supporting claims. You might take issue with an authors organization or touch, or with her use of supporting arguments. The more specific you are in your points, the better your critique will be. See below for a list of possible critique points. The thesis of a critique is relatively straightforward. You simply need to present your evaluation of the oblige youre critiquing. You then support that thesis using the several points youve chosen.In each paragraph of a critique, violate one of your points. Use specific examples from the text. If you want to say that the authors tone was inappropriate for the subject matter, pass off a quote and then pardon how the tone is inappropriate and why. Usually each paragraph explains only one example. You might have ii paragraphs that prove different examples of the same general pointfor instance, two different examples of inappropriate tone. The number of body paragraphs depends on the length of the assignment. A two-page critique might not have more than two or three body paragraphs.A four-page critique might require five or six body paragraphs. Choose enough examples so that you c an discuss each one in its own body paragraph. A general rule of thumb is that body paragraphs should be about a half a page long, double-spaced. In your conclusion, you want to remind readers of your thesis and pull all of your examples together. You dont want your conclusion to simply restate your introduction, nor do you want to provide entirely new information. You want to naturally draw readers to an end. *Elements to Critique Here is a list of various elements you can look for in an article you want to critique.Keep in mind that not every item will be appropriate to every article. Logic Has the writer picked examples that logically support her claim? Is her reasoning (the way she works out her ideas) in line with the claim and what you know to be true? Logic Does the writer have sensible support but is the overall claim itself flawed? (one might claim that global warming doesnt exist, and then use sources that describe the recent temperature shifts as normal geological cycles . The supporting claims are logical, but the overall claim that global warming doesnt exist is not logical because the temperatures are, in fact, rising.Does the writer use enough evidence to support his claims? Is the evidence the writer uses appropriate? For example, using outdated statistics is not effective, nor is using evidence that is not actually applicable to the topic. Tone Is the writers tone appropriate to the subject matter? Is the tone at an appropriate level to the audience? If the writer is overly sarcastic, for example, that tone might not be appropriate to a subject like drunk driving. Tone Does the author seem overly critical of a champion person or movement in ways that do not support his or her thesis?Is the word choice appropriate for the audience? (If the article is from a popular magazine such as MacLeans, but the language is highly technical and specialized, that might be less appropriate. ) Organization Is the article unionised in a way that makes sense? Does the organization make the article easier to read or more difficult? Expertise Does the author establish herself as an authority on the subject? If so, how?Does she describe her credentials? Use technical terms? Refer to sources? These are just some of the different aspects of an article that are open to critique. Pick a few, look for very specific examples in the text, and build your body paragraphs around them. What it looks like Below you will find two different samples. Each one contains the introduction and one body paragraph of a critique. One is a mostly positive critique, and one is a negative critique. Positive Critique In Game Theories Clive Thompson uses the story of a man, Edward Castronova, to discuss online gaming worlds and their economy.He begins with a long introduction about Mr. Castronova, and then riposte to outline several points about online gaming while still using Castronovas story throughout the essay. His intent is to bring to light several opinions, facts, and debates regarding realistic reality games. In writing this piece, Thompson is effective in reaching this goal. He does so by using Edward Castronova as a credible example and reference, by his language and word choices, by quoting people highly involved in the virtual world, and by using recognizable and interesting examples of specific online gaming worlds.Thompson begins his essay by introducing readers to Edward Castronova, an economist who investigated the economy of online gaming worlds, and who submitted his findings on an academic website. Right off the bat Thompson draws the attention of readers by presenting Edward Castronova in a simple, story-like way. Readers find stories booming to read and to relate to, and for the first several paragraphs Thompson is in fact telling a brief story. Once Clive Thompson has successfully given readers Castronovas background, he brings himself into the piece in a brief paragraph telling how he met Castronova.This is very effec tive because it associates him with the person whom readers are now interested in, and gives them more reason to find his writing credible and worth interest. Being able to associate with a real-life person allows readers to be more connected to the piece and to the author. It brings the entire piece juxtaposed to home, so to speak, which makes the entire essay more readable. Readers are more likely to enjoy an essay if they feel they can relate to its topic and to the author. Thompson accomplishes this reader relieve by introducing Edward Castronova and by connecting himself to this man. Negative CritiqueIn Image World, Michael Posner analyzes indian lodges dependence on visual stimulation using daily events as examples. Posner demonstrates societys inability to distinguish reality from fantasy through numerous examples such as theme parks, rock concerts and political campaigns. Posner emphasizes on societys attachment to imagery because he believes it is the only way to capture our attention, he also believes that it is the only way for people to understand the significance of a piece of writing or event. Posners primary audience include readers of Queens Quarterly and his secondary audience include students.Although readers recognize Posners argument on the effects of imagery within the culture of society, they are not convinced because of his negative outlook therefore, he is not effective in his argument. In this essay I examine the different methods in which Posner is not effective the use of excessive examples, tone and language, and organization. Posners use of excessive examples to support his argument distracts the reader. Although some readers may believe that using numerous examples further supports Posners argument, that writing alone is not enough to captivate the attention of the reader, students would manage against.For instance, he lists Logos, billboards, banks of televisions, video monitors, camcorders, games downloadable to cellphones, examples that have been mentioned already (p. 326). When using example after example, the reader is temporarily distracted and must figure out his point again. As Posner asks, More examples? he insults the reader suggesting that his audience cannot recognize and perceive his main purpose (p. 327). By insulting the reader Posner subtly suggests he knows better, separating himself from his audience. This separation causes the audience, students mainly, to not take him or his writing seriously.

Reviewing The Heart Of Darkness And Apocalypse Now English Literature Essay

Reviewing The bosom Of swarthiness And Apocalypse Now English Literature EssayThe horrorthe horror, these were the haggling that echoed in my mind by and by experiencing Joseph Conrads shopping mall of shabbiness and Francis Coppolas Apocalypse Now. Together, both pieces have several parallels this is largely due to the fact that Coppolas Apocalypse Now is genuinely an adaptation of tone of Darkness. While the films story mimics Conrads tale with its general plot points, there are also many differences.While the characters of both Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now parallel one another in their natures, this is also where their distinct differences lie. The Accountant in Heart of Darkness is only one of the eternal characters that are in Africa with absolutely no purpose his attire is always kept at its best and it appears as though his only accomplishment was instruct an African woman to clean his garments, treating her as a servant. To parallel with The Accountant, in A pocalypse Now, Kilgore is also viewed as a purposeless character. Kilgores sole purpose is to surf, provided somehow he manages to avoid death and even injury in the most treacherous places, causing his focus on the war to be nonexistent. Marlow in Heart of Darkness and Captain Willard from Apocalypse Now both have this mission of finding Kurtz, the man know as god the man known to be as hollow as a barrel the man to be found. In Heart of Darkness, Kurtz is the chief agent at the ivory companys inner(a) Station at Stanley Falls. This so known hallow man is much taken back by the power that he has over the natives, starting step up in the congou tea attempting to give the natives better lives, these people learn to worship his ways. Due to his good intentions of helping these natives, he becomes isolated from his own civilization and is left to be on his own he begins to retreat into a state of brutality. This clearly epitomizes that the basic human nature of Heart of Darkness i s usually drowned surface by the light of society. We can also hold in here that civilization is only superficial, in the way that the natives were more civilized then Kurtz himself. Marlows relationship with Kurtz after finding him begins as a professional one, moreover as we see when the story unfolds, Marlow slowly begins to identify with Kurtz, and by the difference of the book we can see that Kurtz is what Marlow could have been and that Marlow is what Kurtz apply to be. The two men see themselves in one another, a hard but interesting thing to experience.Within Heart of Darkness and Apocalypse Now, the use of light and dark are both dazzling and unbelievable. The representation of light, dark black and white is embedded throughout the account of Heart of Darkness. In general, the symbolic representation of darkness usually implies evil or some type of mysterious unknown. Yet in the book we see that darkness is used as a symbol for truth, where the light is seen as a del usion. The truth that Marlow discovers is within him, lying in the darkness. The truth was physically found for him in Congo which was known as the darkest spot on the map. With that specific example of how symbolism has been reversed, we also look into the light. The light comes from the civilization, also seen as a source of falsehood as well as being a form of dark business. The symbolism of white and black in Heart of Darkness is most plain when it alludes to cultural and hurry the white people being the lying, evil, civilized community, and the black natives being enlightened, good, and savages. The alternating lighting in many of the scenes of Apocalypse Now, specifically in the Do Lung scene symbolizes the insanity of the Vietnam War. Here we see that no one knows why they are really there, what is real, what is not, or where exactly the real evil is. Towards the end of the film, after Willard has killed Kurtz, we see Willard purposely placing half of his face in the shadow . This use of cinematography shows that he had united the two ideals that of the military from which his mission spawned from the light, and the moral, yet unsympathetic ideal of Kurtz and the darkness of the jungle.Another comparison that can be made between the two is the fact that they both have rivers, not the physical part, but the symbolic importance of these rivers. In Heart of Darkness, the Congo River is essential to the plot of the story, and is also essential to the Europeans in general when dealing with Africa. The river was the only means of prompt for the Europeans to be able to get into Africa. In regard to the light and dark verbal expression, the river did not allow of efficient movement upstream, reflecting on the difficulty in Marlows locomote within himself, and this struggle that he faces toward obtaining the truth. On the other hand, Marlow was capable of moving easily downstream, making his re stave to civilization easier and basically effortless. In Apoca lypse Now, the Hung River is where we turn towards truth, a struggle with the events escalating in their level of severity and confusion. This river brought only madness and was a path to enlightenment, with every path to enlightenment, sacrifices were made and there would always be pain to overcome.When it comes to noticing differences between the novel and the film, the most obvious one would have to come with the usage of drugs in Apocalypse Now. Heart of Darkness didnt have a hippie-surfer character that was always tripping on acid. It didnt have a man named Chef who wore a sailor shirt and smoked dope constantly. To me, the most surprising aspect of Apocalypse Now was that Lance, the surfer, survived throughout the entire ordeal, proving that during the release of the film, drugs were seen as good. I believe that Timothy Leary intended to use the film to explain how marijuana, shrooms and acid open the key to immortality. This is probably the most apparent difference to me in the two, we see that Apocalypse Now was very interested in promoting to use of drugs while Heart of Darkness never went to that level.In addition to the rivers, and drug use, the idea of imperialism is only found in Heart of Darkness. The imperialism had a huge effect on the race relations in the novel it is from this and also with civilizing the natives that the criminal neglect of the Company resides and is acceptable. The closest we get to anything like this is Apocalypse Now would be in the mass murder of the Vietnam Cong during the war.The ties between Conrads Heart of Darkness and Coppolas Apocalypse Now are unmistakable. From the Congo River in Africa to the Nung River in Vietnam, Conrads ideals are not lost. In both, the ideas of good versus evil and symbolism of whiteness and darkness are all apparent. While there are many similarities between the two, as discussed there are many differences, from the usage of drugs to the descriptions of rivers. Heart of Darkness, Apocaly pse Now, from one came the other, there are two dont you see? Together, both pieces have countless parallels and we see that if it werent for the distinction of time, we would be unable to determine which came first. These parallels charm the reader or the viewer to want to engulf themselves into the depth of the other.

Kansas Gun City Experiment | Research Analysis

Kansas Gun City Experiment Research AnalysisINTRODUCTIONThis paper provides a critical assessment of a level 3 affect evaluation that was assigned in 2012. The line of business chosen was the Kansas City Gun Experiment which was at a lower placetaken by Sherman and Rogan (1995). This paper analyses how well the selected learning addressed the issues of reliability of measurement, internal validity of causative inferences, external validity of conclusions to the full cosmos the study sampled and the clarity of the policy implications of applying the results in policing.This essay is divided into six battlefields. Firstly, a summary of the Kansas City Gun Experiment was presented. This summary gives a brief account of the history of the test as well as describes the criminological theories to which the experiment was ground, the methodological processes of the experiment and a brief description of the findings of the experiment.Following the summary the essay verges onto the main assessment of the study. Firstly the reliability of measurement of the study is critiqued by examining its test-retest reliability and its internal consistency. Secondly the internal validity of causal inferences was assessed to determine whether the causal relationships between the two variables were properly demonstrated. The external validity of conclusions to the full population the study sampled was then assessed followed by the clarity of the policy implications of applying the results in policing.SUMMARYThe Kansas City Gun Experiment, carried out for 29 weeks, from July 7th 1992 to Jnuaray 27th, 1993, was a constabulary patrol project that was aimed at reducing gun violence, drive-by shootings and homicides in the U.S.A. It was based on the premise that exaltation of guns and gun criminal killence are inversely proportional. This hypothesis was based on the theories of deterrence and incapacitation. The Kansas City Police Department ( KCPD) implemented greater proac tive police patrols in hotspots where gun crimes were prevalent. The study of these patrols were studied by Sherman and Rogan 1995) employing the riding habit of quasi-experimental design.Two areas were chosen for the experiment. Beat 144, the marker area, was chosen due to elevated incidences of violent crimes including homicides and drive-by shootings. Beat 242 was chosen as the comparison area or maneuver group due to akin keep downs in drive-by shootings. The control group which was used to increase the reliability of results was left untreated meaning that no supererogatory efforts or extra patrols were carried out. In contrast fudge 144 was treated some(prenominal) different strategies for increasing gun seizures. Some of the techniques used included stage and search and safety frisks.Officers working everywheretime, from 7pm to 1 am, 7 days a week, were rotated in pairs to provide patrols focused solely on the detection and seizure of guns. These officers did non r espond to both new(prenominal) calls that were not gun related. Some of the data collected to be analyzed included number of guns seized, number of crimes committed, number of gun related calls and arrest records before initiation of the experiment, during and after completion, for both experimental and control groups. The differences between the experimental and control group were then compared development a difference of means test (t-test). Gun crimes in the 52 weeks before and after the patrols in both the experimental and control group were compared utilise autoregressive lamentable averages (ARIMA) MODELS.There was indeed a 65% increase in gun seizure and a decrease in gun crime by 49% in the target area. In the control group, gun seizures and gun crimes remained relatively unchanged. Also, on that point was no significant displacement of gun crimes to areas surrounding the target area. These results were also similar for homicides and drive-by shootings. Citizen survey s also revealed that most of the general public were less fearful of crime as compared to those in control groups.RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENTThe results of this study suggest that there may be clear implications for other cities wishing to reduce their gun crime. But how valid are these conclusions? How reliable are they? tout ensemble measurements may contain some element of error. In order for the measurements recorded during the Kansas City Gun experiment to be sound, they must be free of bow and distortion. dependableness and validity therefore are serious in this regard.Reliability can be seen as the extent to which a measurement method is consistent. Reliability of a measure can be described as when a measure yields consistent scores or observations on a given phenomenon on different occasions ( Bachman and Schutt 2007, p.87). It refers firstly to the extent to which a method of measurement produces the same results for the same case under the same conditions referred to as test-retest reliability and secondly the extent to which responses to the individual items in a multiple-item measure are consistent with each other known as internal consistency.A measure that is not reliable cannot be valid. Can it be utter that the measurements used in the Kansas City Gun experiment were reliable and valid? This can be assessed by firstly by looking at its test-retest reliability and then secondly, its internal consistency.Test-retest reliabilityAs funding ran out the study was never repeated under the same conditions in beat 144, thus strictly speaking there was never an opportunity to test whether the same or similar results would realise been obtained over an equivalent period some time later.Internal consistencyThe measures used in this study included separate bookkeeping and an onsite University of Maryland judge who come with the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol and coded every shift activity narrative for patrol time and enforcement in and o ut of the area. Property get on data on guns seized, computerized crime reports, calls for service data, and arrest records were analyzed for both areas under the study.Sherman and Rogan (1995) then analyzed the data apply four different poseurs. The simple analyses assumed that the gun crime counts were independently sampled from the beats examined before and after the intervention. This model treated the beforeduring difference in the mean weekly evaluate of gun crime as an estimate of the magnitude of the effect of the hot spots patrols, and assessed the statistical significance of the differences with the standard two-tailed ttests (Sherman and Roagn (1995)).A second model assumed that the weekly gun crime data points were not independent tho were correlated serially, and thus required a BoxJenkins ARIM (autoregressive integrated moving average) test of the effect of an abrupt intervention in a time series.A third model examined rate events (homicide and drive-by shootings ) aggregated in 6-month totals on the premise that those counts were independent, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. A fourth model also assumed independence of observations, and compared the target with the control beat in a beforeduring chi-square-test. The ttests compared weekly gun crimes for all 29 weeks of the build 1 patrol program (July, 7, 1992, through Jan. 25, 1993) with the 29 weeks preceding phase 1, using difference-of-means tests. The ARIM models extended the weekly counts to a full 52 weeks before and after the beginning of phase 1. The ANOVA model added another year before phase 1 (all of 1991) as well as 1993, the year after phase 1 (Sherman and Rogan (1995)).It is submitted that Sherman and Rogan (1995) use of the four different models described above attempted to date that an acceptable level of triangulation and as much(prenominal), internal consistency was achieved given the fact that the program design itself did not lend itself to the loo k intoer having data and an opportunity such that responses to the individual items in a multiple-item measure could be checked for consistency.Reliability may be seen as a prerequisite for validity. Therefore the fact that there was never any opportunity to repeat the study, there was never any opportunity to examine whether the same or similar results would have been obtained in beat 144 over an equivalent period some time using the same policing tactics.In other words can it be safely said that the use of the same measures as mentioned above, i.e., the onsite University of Maryland evaluator who go with the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol together with Property room data on guns seized, computerized crime reports, calls for service data, and arrest records would have yielded similar results? The simple answer is no as it was never done.It is to be noted that the evaluator accompanied the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol out of 2,256 (assuming that the 300 refe rred to patrol car-hours). Is this number statistically sufficient to reduce the fall outrence of random errors which occur as a result of over-estimation and under-estimation of recordings? It is accordingly submitted that the level of reliability of measurement is limited to the instance of this study as there is no way of interrogation its stability short of repeating it.THE INTERNAL VALIDITY OF CAUSAL INFERENCES hardiness is often defined as the extent to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure. Validity requires that an instrument is reliable, only if an instrument can be reliable without being valid (Kimberlin and Winterstein (2008)).Validity refers to the accuracy of a measurement or what conclusions we can draw from the results of such measurement. Therefore, apart from the issue of reliability discussed above, it must also be determined whether the measures used in the Kansas City Gun Experiment measured what they were suppose to measure and whether the causal inferences drawn possess internal validity.Internal validity means that the study measured what it set out to whilst external validity is the ability to make generalizations from the study (Grimes and Schulz (2002)). With respect to internal validity, selection predetermine, information bias, and confounding are present to some degree in all observational research.According to Grimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), selection bias stems from an absence of comparability between groups being studied. Information bias results from incorrect determination of exposure, outcome, or both. The effect of information bias depends on its type. If information is pull together differently for one group than for another, this results in biasness. By contrast, non-differential misclassification tends to obscure real differences.They viewed Confounding as a mixing or blurring of effects a researcher attempts to relate an exposure to an outcome but actually measures the effect of a third factor (the confounding variable). Confounding can be controlled in several ways restriction, matching, stratification, and more sophisticated multivariate techniques. If a reader cannot explain away study results on the basis of selection, information, or confounding bias, then calamity might be another explanation. Chance should be examined last, however, since these biases can account for highly significant, though bogus results. Differentiation between spurious, indirect, and causal associations can be difficult. Criteria such as temporal sequence, strength and consistency of an association and evidence of a dose-response effect lend support to a causal link.It is submitted that the onsite University of Maryland evaluator who accompanied the officers on 300 hours of hot spots patrol and coded every shift activity narrative for patrol time and enforcement in and out of the area would have been able to give a rough measure of the number of guns seized, whilst the Propert y room data on guns seized, computerized crime reports, calls for service data, and arrest records would have after analysis indicated whether gun crimes increased or decreased.It could be inferred therefore that as the number of guns seized increased, the level of gun related crimes decreased and that this inference possess internal validity.THE EXTERNAL VALIDITY OF CONCLUSIONS TO THE FULL POPULATION THE STUDY SAMPLEDAccording to Grimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), external validity is the ability to make generalizations from the study. With regard to the Kansas City Gun Experiment, the interrogative which must now be asked is whether the program is likely to be effective in other settings and with other areas, cities or populations.Steckler, Allan McLeroy, Kenneth R. (2007) quoting Campbell D.T. Stanley J.C. (1966) argues that internal validity is as important as external validity. We have thus gone a bit further so not only is it important to know whether the pro gram is effective, but also whether it is likely to be effective in other settings and with other areas, cities or populations. This would accordingly lead to the translation of research to practice.It must be submitted that as with internal validity, the fact that there was never any opportunity to repeat the study, there was never any opportunity to examine whether the same or similar results would have been obtained in beat 144 over an equivalent period some time using the same policing tactics and or in any other beat for that matter. It cannot therefore be validly concluded that the Kansas City Gun Experiment would be as effective in any other beat area.THE CLARITY OF POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF APPLYING THE RESULTS IN POLICINGThe policy implications of applying the results of the Kansas City Gun Experiment are arguably fairly clear. The most important conclusion is that police can increase the number of guns seized in high gun crime areas at relatively modest cost. Directed patrol around gun crime hot spots is about three times more cost-effective than normal uniformed police activity citywide, on average, in getting guns off the street1.Policing bodies around the United States can conclude that although the raw numbers of guns seized in a particular beat may not be impressively large, the impact of even small increases in guns seized in decreasing the percentage of gun crimes can be substantial. If a city wants to adopt this policy in a high gun crime area, this experiment proves that it can be successfully implemented2.It is also clear from the Kansas City gun experiment that a focus on gun detection, with freedom from answering calls for service, can make regular beat officers working on overtime very productive.REFERENCESBachman, R. and Schutt, R, K, (2007). The Practice of Research in Criminology and brutal Justice. 3rd Edition , Sage Publications Inc.Sherman and Rogan (1995), The Kansas City Gun Experiment, theme Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.Sherman and Rogan (1995), The Kansas City Gun Experiment, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of JusticeSherman and Rogan (1995), The Kansas City Gun Experiment, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of JusticeKimberlin, Carole L., and Winterstein, Almut, G. (2008),Validity and Reliability of Measurement Instruments used in Research Research fundamentals, Am J Health-Syst PharmVol 65 Dec 1, 2008Grimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), Bias and causal associations in observational researchGrimes, David, A. and Schulz, Kenneth, F. (2002), Bias and causal associations in observational researchCampbell D.T. Stanley J.C. (1966), Experimental and Quasi Experimental Designs, Chicago, Ill Rand McNally 1966.8. Steckler, Allan McLeroy, Kenneth R. (2007), The Importance of External Validity, Am J Public Health. 2008 January 98(1) 910. doi 10.2105/AJPH.2007.1268479. Sherm an, Lawrence W., and R.A. Berk, (1984), The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault, American sociological Review, (49)(1984)261272.1 Sherman, Lawrence W., and R.A. Berk, (1984), The Specific Deterrent Effects of Arrest for Domestic Assault, American Sociological Review, (49)(1984)261272.2

The Development Of Technology In Travel Industry Tourism Essay

The Development Of applied science In Travel Industry Tourism Essay accord to unknown, 2012 in the hospitality manufacturing, it is absolutely vital that companies stay on top of consumer demand in an attempt to maintain their competitive advantage. In the current technologically driven business perseverance, it has give out increasingly important for businesses to utilize every bit of information and data collected from current and po cristaltial customers when examining ways of rest competitive in the hospitality industry.Pertaining to (William et al, 1999) delivering quality returns in the hospitality industry can be a major challenge facing hospitality managers in the opening years of the next millennium. It will be an essential condition for success in the emerging, keenly competitive, global hospitality markets. While the forthcoming importance of delivering quality hospitality service is smooth to discern and to agree on, doing so presents slightly difficult and intri guing management issues.Since the delivery of hospitality service always involves people, these issues center on the management of people, and in dowryicular on the interactions between guests and staff, interactions that are called service encounters. In the eyes of our guests, our hospitality businesses will come later or fail depending on the cumulative impact of the service encounters in which they have participated.Hospitality industry would include hotels, restaurant and other related touristry organizations. This means that the tourists have to encounter with staffs, therefore the industries have to have good customer representative that can communicate with their guest and help them resolve their issues. in that location are three elements in the hospitality which motels. Includes restaurant that provide beverages and food entertainment by the theatre and accommodation provide by the industrial service.In the service delivery in the hospitality industry and service deli very in other businesses there are little are no differences because they both(prenominal) have good customer service which is very important in both industries, they both provide quality service to increase their revenue and to fix that they satisfy their customer needs and want in the industry.The significant impact on the victimisation of engineering in travel and touristry industryTechnology in travel and touristry industry in today world control and deliver swiftness and power your need to achieve your business ambitions. It is withal delivers effective solution to meet their customers precise business needs increasing profit and work rate improving customer relation and decreasing cost. however you can depend on applied science with the travel and touristry industry to improve the chat process. When communicating with technology you save time and money wisely and disengage from computer frequently to communication in person and help people to keep in touch with co-wo rkers and traders in need of information. therefore technology in the industry improve the communication process, poorly design are in appropriately use technology can inner communication with workers to a enceinteer extent than it helps and it can be used in the industry to find explore analysis to exchange and present information responsively without discrimination, it also increase internationally and has travel rapidly up the process of globalization.According to Rosendo (cuyasen, 2012), New Technology and media has changed the way of tourism. Travelers turn to the internet to research on potential destinations and do bookings online. They even include share-out their experiences of the sightseers they go to. The executive director of Ctrip.com said that consumers know more about the industry and travel businesses cannot make money from the information gap anymore. The past ten years has empowered consumers greatly. A great majority of travelers do their search online for boo kings, travel guides and visas. According to John Liu, the executive vice-president and head of Greater China at Google, 85% of travelers do their research on the net and the average traveler does 55 online searches before a booking. Comparing and looking for information is very easy now and all kinds of information are available on the internet.Pertaining to Keith Evans, (Evans, 1999-2012) with the explosion of technological advancements in the mid and late 20th century, tourists discovered increasing bother to a growing array of destinations. From promoting destinations and attracting traveler attention to enabling instant reservations and payment collection, communication technology continues to exhibit a significant impact on the tourism industry and travel in general. Communication technology plays a considerable role in travel and tourism, as much of modern tourism revolves around the competency of tourist destinations to communicate their benefits to potential visitors and the ability of those visitors to reach out to points of interest at the destination.Advantages and disadvantages of technology in the travel and tourism industryAccording to leelingz, (leelingz, 2011) nowadays, technology has advanced in tremendous leaps and bounds. We cannot imagine the world without technological advances such as computer, televisions, and machines and so on. However there are several(prenominal) advantages and disadvantages of technology. First of all, technologies play a very important role in society because it makes life easier to live on and less time consuming. Technology has the ability to create shortcuts in working. People do not have to do all the hard labor anymore. People use technology to plan their trip which makes it more convenient and easy. They can research destination to their own pace, shop around for the best fares and hotel deals, and make reservations right from your computer. On the contrary, technology also brings misemploy to our societ y. The booming of industrialization and development causes pollutions to our world. For example, the smoke from the vehicles and machines affects the quality of air and destroy the ozone layer. In addition, technologies also create financial problems in families because most of the technologies are high-ticket(prenominal) like computers. People that cannot afford to buy this kind of technology will live in a stressful life.On my views the important of technology in the travel and tourism industry is to aspire information through research, help to increase the organization revenue, to get information across to their customers and other related organizations, delivers great speed, reach audience that is physically separated from the sender and increase access ability and openness in an organization and bad part about technology is that it can create tension and conflict, easy to be over used, often lack privacy and can seriously drain employment productivity. But in my case without technology the industry could not keep up their infrastructure to keep attracting the visitor and keep the place in order.Community brutal tourismAccording to (oikos, 2009) Community establish tourism is tourism in which topical anesthetic residents (often rural, poor and economically marginalized) invite tourists to visit their communities with the provision of overnight accommodation. Community based tourism enables tourists to discover topical anaesthetic habitats and wildlife, and celebrates andRespects traditional elaborations, rituals and wisdom. The community will be aware of the commercial and social value placed on their indwelling and cultural heritage through tourism, and this will foster community based conservation of these resources.Community-based tourism affords travelers with rare opportunities to experience local communities first hand. Its distinctive in that it provides an alternative to development thats not sustainable, giving rural and poor communities an additional source of income.In supporting community-based tourism, you can immerse yourself in the day-to-day lives of local and indigenous people while helping them to preserve their pealment and cultural heritage.The residents earn income as land managers, entrepreneurs, service and produce providers, and employees. At least part of the tourist income is set aside for projects which provide benefits to the community as a whole.Tourists will spend time near areas that are rich in culture and biodiversity, and, at the same time, will get to know the locals at the grassroots level.Many successful experiences in development countries prove that tourism can become a leading sector for the people who conserve natural resources and live on it. Local people of these countries jointly cooperate in Community establish Tourism and this gives not only economic benefits for them but also becomes an example of community involved decision making.A community by definition implies individuals wi th just about kind of collective responsibility, and the ability to make decisions by representative bodies.Locals participation, traditional culture, cross-cultural issues and raise of local income are basic principles of tourism and it is fundamental to get more in depth for development countries where tourism is dominantly operate by great foreign companies.Usually families interviews make obvious that locals are interested to make believe part in tourism activities but they dont know how.Often the creation of Community Based Tourism is the best solution for local people or at least a great help for them for example in these countries where the main income is from livestock and the desertification, the spread of unproductive land take of vegetation, is one of the main concerns.Community Based Tourism is the jointly planned and managed tourism activities of local group this new business never can be the main or only income source of the communities and cooperatives but can be a dditional income possibility.Issues like generating additional incomes for locals and reducing impacts on environment are include in the government policy about tourism, but there has been little implementation and no integrated policy at the national level.The pros and cons of community base tourismBase on the information of (mozer, 1995-2012)Advantage -depending upon implementation some of these can turn into disadvantages.Employment- (1 emp/1000 tourist) labor intensive, few administrative positions, little upward mobility. alkali development -roads, water, electricity, telecom and cybercom, but not necessarily local priorities.Cultural preservation- economic incentives to preserve food, fashion, festivals and physical history, but these tend to be superficial elements of a culture.Environmental protection- econ incentives to preserve nature, wildlife and urban cleanliness.Foreign exchange .generates resources to import food, pharmaceuticals, technology, consumer goods.Developmen t of health care services -those these arent always available to local people.Disadvantages -depending upon implementation some of these can turn into advantages.Cultural destruction-(modernization world mono-culture), freezes culture as performers, loss language, religion, rituals, material culture.primary products- sun, sand, surf, safari, suds, ski, sex (little value added, neo-colonialism)Environmental destruction -game drives, resorts golf, ski, beach, desert, world as playground, SUV.Marginal employment -low skill, low wage, menial services, prostitution, drug trade, gambling, hustlers.Low benefits -no job security, no health care, no organizing, and no work safety rules or environ standards.Development of illegal and/or destructive economic activities- markets for drugs, endangered species, etc.Outside hiring- skilled middle and senior management recruited out of the area and transferred in. immersion employment -walled resort enclaves.seasonal employmentOutside decision maki ng-decisions made outside of the area, corporate dollars corrupt government.Unrealistic expectations-divert young people from school and brighter futures.anti-democratic collusion- industry support of repressive governmentsLand controlled by the elite -people relocated, agriculture eliminated, prohibited from N.P.negative lifestyles (STDs- substance abuse, begging, hustlingdiverted and concentrated development -airport, roads, water, electricity to tourist destinations, development not accessible to localslittle forex stays in country -airplanes, vehicles, booze, hot air balloons, generally have foreign ownerspackage programsCruises -eat and sleep on control board so the economic benefit to the ports-of-call is very thin and limited.Unstable market -fickle, affected by local and world events, generally highly elastic.Health tourism -traveling to get medical procedure at lower cost has its own set of unique challenges, which include Determining the credential, skills and quality of the facility and personnel. Language communication challenges on topics requiring a lot of details, sometimes even when both parties seemingly speak the same language. Different cultural issues and expectations around health care and the body. Post-treatment complications, after the tourist has left the facility.

The Plays of Tennessee Williams Essay -- Authors

Tennessee Williams was cognise as one of the greatest and most controversial playwrights in American history. He once said I recollect that writing or any form of creative work was never meant by nature to be a mans way of fashioning a living, that when it becomes one it almost certainly loses a measure of purity (Lewis 54). This statement shows that Williams was a genuine writer who used his plays and poems to express his own thoughts. Williams was known for his Southern Gothic writing style. This is a style of writing practiced by many writers of the American South whose stories set in that region ar characterized by grotesque, macabre, or fantastic incidents (Southern gothic). Some critics believe that Williams had sacrificed his talent for fame and fortune however, other critics believe his writings were original works of art. When Williams lover, dog Merlo, died he went into a deep depression and his writing began to suffer. His plays were becoming less and less desirable a nd the amount of time each was on Broadway was slimming down belittled by little. Williams beginning writings were works of art, but they became predictable as time went on. Although he did use a lot of recurring themes and symbols, each individual piece had a life and moral value of its own. Williams was born March 26, 1911. His mother and father were Edwina and Cornelius Williams respectively. His mother was the divine essence of a southern belle whose important focus was being of the social elite. His father was a drunken shoe salesman who would later be claimed as the reason for Williams homosexuality. Williams siblings include Rose and Dakin Williams. It is said that his whole real company growing up was his sister and their Negro nursemaid, Ozzie. ... ..., Gilbert. Tennessee Williams and Friends. Cleveland World Pub., 1965. Print.One Arm and Other Stories. Goodreads. Goodreads Inc, 2007. Web. 31 Mar. 2012..Smith, Nicole. The Tragic Figure of Laura in The blur Menagerie b y Tennessee Williams.Article Myriad. Article Myriad, 6 Dec. 2011. Web. 01 Apr. 2012..Southern gothic. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. EncyclopediaBritannica Inc., 2012. Web. 01 Apr. 2012.. Print.Tennessee Williams. - Quotes, Biography, Quote, Works, Festival, Poetry, Poems, Bio, Writing Style, Autobiography, Bibliography. N. p. Web. 28 Mar. 2012. .

Essay example --

brazil-nut tree is the worlds 5th largest country in population and geographical area. brazil nuts rescue is the 7th largest and the number one fastest growing economy in the world. But there is one force, one positionor that dominates all of Brazils 200 million occupants. Is surpasses the corrupted government officials, the thousands that live be small-scale the poverty line, and even the more creative aspects of Brazils culture like the festivals, dancing, and carnivals. The fact is Brazilians loves football and in Brazil, football is everywhere. Its on the streets, on the beaches, in schools, in the gyms, on hard courts and fields filled with dirt or grass. football game in Brazil is just everywhere. Although Brazil didnt invent the sport, football has been engraved into the Brazilian culture as way for them to express themselves and their outlook towards life, and lastly making the FIFA World Cup the grand stage for Brazilians to unit and show the world that through the corru ption, discrimination, and division, Brazils brighter side, creativity, joy, and flair, live on.Football was introduced in Brazil by Scottish man named Thomas Donohue in the early 1800s and since then, Brazilians have never looked back, expanding the sport to every corner of the massive country. Football in Brazil has become so much more than a sport. When football was introduced to Brazils Sao Paulo, the country was still run by the influence of the colonial geological era and culture of slavery. The elites embraced the sport and brought it to the rich clubs and big cities. Yet, Brazils poor still embraced and enjoyed the sport. It became a way for them to express themselves and their outlook towards life. So as a result, and till this day, football took over the streets of Brazil.... ...rld Cup on home soil and quickly approaching, Brazilians are expecting and dreaming of a sixth trophy. The 1950 World Cup release still haunts Brazil and the 2014 World Cup is viewed as only rea l opportunity for the country to heal the wound. In conclusion, from the day foreigners introduced football to Brazil, Brazilians and football became inseparable. The low class of Brazil saw it as a way to express themselves and get them out of the dumps they called home. Today Brazil, with their swift movements, creativity, and rhythm taken from the dance dances that has been integrated into their football, has created their own style of football. Now, in this country with the World Cup right around the corner, Brazilians have once again united through the corruption, perversion, and violence, as they do every 4 years for this tournament, with only one word on their lips, win.