Size Exclusion Chromatography Free Essays

Size Exclusion Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is the partition procedure dependent on the atomic size of the segments. Size prohibition chromatography is a sort of strategy to isolate distinctive size of particles that put in arrangement. It was first found by two researchers who named Grant Henry Lathe and Colin R Ruthven. We will compose a custom paper test on Size Exclusion Chromatography or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Them two got the John Scott Award for this marvelous development. There are different applications for Size rejection chromatography, for example, biochemical viewpoint and polymer union. For application in biochemical perspective, this strategy can discover the quaternary structure of cleansed proteins which have moderate trade times, since it tends to be done under local arrangement conditions and save macromolecular associations. The motivation behind why we utilize this procedure for decontamination is Size prohibition chromatography is a low goals chromatography strategy as it doesn't recognize comparable species well indeed. It can likewise test the tertiary structure of protein as it quantifies the hydrodynamic volume, permitting collapsed and unfurled adaptations of a similar protein to be recognized. Other than utilizing in biochemical exploration, it can discover the dissemination of the extents of polymer particles like if a dissolvable is picked and run, we can make an adjustment bend to decide the measures of polymer atoms in it. It is smarter to present the portable stage and fixed stage first. Fixed stage is the strong spongy or the pore(SEC) with strong help that permit test across through it while the portable stage is the example permeate through or along to the fixed stage. In SEC, detachment is accomplished by the differential prohibition from the pores of the pressing material, of the example molecules(mobile stage) as they go through a bed of permeable particles(stationary stage). For the guideline of the SEC, atoms of various sizes can be isolated by this strategy in view of differential time spent inside a strong stage molecule which prohibits passageway of generally bigger particles, permits some passageway of medium-sized atoms, and permits free availability of the littlest atoms. The particles contain pores with tunnels(stationary stage) in which the size can be controlled relying upon the size of molecules(mobile stage) to be isolated. Littler atoms experience a more mind boggling pathway to leave the molecule than do bigger particles. Since particles that have a huge size contrasted with the pore size of the fixed stage have next to no passageway into the pores, these bigger estimated atoms elute first from the segment. Medium measured atoms are moderately enormous contrasted with the pore size of the strong stage and in this way may discover a few pores wherein they enter and invest some energy. Littler measured atoms have more pores that are open to them and in this manner invest more energy inside the pores comparative with bigger estimated particles. In this way, littler particles elute last and bigger atoms elute first in SEC. â€Å"Elute† is imply that the transporter of the portable stage or the versatile stage from chromatographic bed develop. For the pore size, which is the significant piece of fixed stage in SEC, strong stage materials utilized in SEC are normally ordered dependent on their capacity to isolate various sizes of proteins. Since size is a troublesome thing to precisely quantify for a huge atom, the strong stage materials are related to a sub-atomic weight territory rather and the weight is likened with size. All mixes with an atomic weight not exactly or equivalent to the lower number in the range will see the whole interior volume of the dabs bringing about no determination and along these lines no detachment. All mixes with an atomic weight more noteworthy than or equivalent to the higher number in the range are totally prohibited from within a globule and along these lines no division is accomplished. Particles with loads or sizes between these two limits of the range can be isolated. This is the numerical pore size range detailed for every strong stage material utilized in SEC. The pore size utilized for a detachment is subject to the size scope of the specific arrangement of particles to be isolated. Littler pore sizes are utilized for fast desalting of proteins or for protein purging. Moderate pore sizes are utilized to isolate generally little proteins. Large pore sizes are utilized for filtration of organic edifices. For the factor that influence the SEC, first, the particles in arrangement don't have a fixed size, bringing about the likelihood that a molecule that would some way or another be hampered by a pore passing right by it. Second, the fixed stage particles are not unmistakably characterized, the two particles and pores may change in size. . The fixed stage may likewise cooperate in bothersome manners with a molecule and impact maintenance times, however extraordinary consideration is taken by segment producers to utilize fixed stages that are dormant and limit this issue. Third, expanding the section length will improve the goals, and expanding the segment breadth builds the limit of the segment. Legitimate segment pressing is critical to augment goals: An over-stuffed segment can crumple the pores in the globules, bringing about lost goals. An under-stuffed segment can diminish the relative surface zone of the fixed stage open to littler species, bringing about those species investing less energy caught in pores. Not at all like proclivity chromatography methods, a dissolvable head at the highest point of the segment can radically lessen goals as the example diffuses preceding stacking, widening the downstream elution. The benefits of this technique incorporate great detachment of huge atoms from the little particles with an insignificant volume of eluate, and that different arrangements can be applied without meddling with the filtration procedure, all while protecting the organic action of the particles to be isolated. Second, the strategy is commonly joined with others that further discrete atoms by different attributes, for example, acridity, basicity, charge, and proclivity for specific mixes. Third, with size rejection chromatography, there are short and all around characterized division times and thin groups, which lead to great affectability. The SEC is isolated quickly. At that point, there is additionally no example misfortune since solutes don't cooperate with the fixed stage. The fixed stage doesn’t have any permeable that nteract with the example and complete the response with the example. For the detriment of the this strategy , first is the atomic mass that we have to know. The SEC partition is base on the atomic size/weight, similar to the gel electrophoresis. It is required to realize that there are the range for various of the sub-atomic size. On the off chance that the distinction of the sub-atomic size in the versatile stage, it isn't prescribed to utilize this division. In this way, before utilizing the SEC, the sub-atomic size of each example in portable stage are required to recognize. What's more, the suited of SEC is restricted. The versatile stage can not be too huge. The time size of the chromatogram is short, and, by and large, there must be a 10% contrast in atomic mass to have a decent goals Also, the pore size should be resolved, excessively little size or too enormous size will prompt the disappointment of the division SEC. On the planet, the chromatography is the division of the example base on the polar, size, corrosiveness, basicity, charge, and fondness for certain compounds†¦ Size Exclusion Chromatography is the one of the chromatography that base on the size of the example, which is like the guideline of gel electrophoresis. One diverse point is the fixed stage, which is the segment with the pores of the particles. Reference: (http://www. partitions. us. tosohbioscience. com/ServiceSupport/TechSupport/ResourceCenter/PrinciplesofChromatography/SizeExclusion/) (http://www. asdlib. organization/separations_pdfs/Size_Exclusion_Chromatography_Separations_Module-finalversion. pdf) (http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography),goldbook The most effective method to refer to Size Exclusion Chromatography, Essay models

Principles of Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Standards of Economic - Essay Example In the event that the two nations are shut economies, i.e., they don't take an interest in any exchange then the two nations will create the two merchandise by apportioning half of their assets to every one of the products, tomatoes and garments for our situation. Consider the speculative table underneath: They can't deliver whole measures of the two products simultaneously. Be that as it may, partaking in worldwide exchange and specialization can help increment their creation prospects. Since Pakistan is better at material creation while Germany is better at tomatoes creation, Pakistan is said to have an outright favorable position in fabric creation and Germany in tomatoes creation. In this manner, sound judgment recommends that each ought to have some expertise in the positive qualities where they have a flat out preferred position and accordingly, every one of them would be in an ideal situation than they were previously. This implies Pakistan should create 400 garments and no tomatoes and Germany should deliver 400 tomatoes and no garments. Thusly, Pakistan would now be able to import 200 tomatoes from Germany while Germany can import 200 garments from Pakistan, along these lines every one of them understanding an increase of 150 from universal exchange and specialization. Plainly there is an addition from worldwide exchange and specialization as expanded creation prospects. ... Along these lines, Pakistan would now be able to import 200 tomatoes from Germany while Germany can import 200 garments from Pakistan, subsequently every one of them understanding an increase of 150 from global exchange and specialization. Material Tomatoes All out creation (without exchange) 250 All out creation (with exchange) 400 Obviously there is an addition from worldwide exchange and specialization as expanded creation prospects. In any case, in any event, when, for example, Germany has a flat out preferred position in the creation of the two tomatoes and garments, taking an interest in global exchange and specialization can expand its creation prospects and increment world exchange. The hypothesis of similar bit of leeway says that it ought to have some expertise in those merchandise which it can deliver with moderately more prominent effectiveness and import the other. In any case, we should recollect that the above depended on two nations and two items in particular. In reality, there are numerous items and nations included. Be that as it may, this model can be stretched out to incorporate any number of nations or items. Different suppositions are additionally included, for example, creation costs are steady and there are no limitations on global exchange. In actuality, this isn't correct. All things considered, we can presume that global exchange and specialization can expand world exchange through the speculations of outright and similar preferred position. Q2 (an) (I) Cost of Mangoes - $/kg Amount Demanded - 000/kg Amount provided 000/kg $6.00 220 400 $5.50 240 360 $5.00 260 320 $4.50 280 280 $4.00 300 240 $3.50 320 200 $3.00 340 160 Harmony quantity= 280000

Essay Topic Tips

Essay Topic TipsIf you are writing an essay, you should have a topic that is interesting and educational. Your topic of choice should be expository topics so that it can make your students gain knowledge about the subject matter in your essay.In this article, we will look at expository topics that you can use to write a great and educational essay. In order to get some ideas, think about your own topic that you have been working on, or maybe one that you want to change in your college application essay. Write down some ideas about the subject and see if they are interesting enough for you to write an essay on.When writing an essay, students learn from different kinds of information. You can make your essay more interesting by using expository topics. Here are some sample topics that you can use to write a good essay on.A topic that is a great teaching tool about the American people is about people who have made a difference in their lives and have left a lasting impression on their c ommunities. Examples would be: Martin Luther King, Jr., Abraham Lincoln, Dorothy Day, and Daniel Pearl. These people were all inspired by what they saw and did.This is a topic that allows you to let your main idea come through, while giving some supporting evidence as well. The supporting evidence could be something you read or heard. Whatever you choose, just remember that the main idea should be a strong selling point for your essay. If you try to add too much supporting evidence, your essay will be too confusing and will not be as persuasive as it should be.A topic that will be interesting for students to read is something that will make them think about the best ways to solve a problem. The topic could be something related to the problem that the student is attempting to solve. Things like theories of evolution, free will, and theories of mind would be good examples of topics that could be used in this way.If you are trying to explain a concept, you might want to consider writin g about what someone else has said about the topic in hopes of providing potential help. For example, if you are trying to explain free will, then you could quote another person's opinion on it. Either way, you can make the concept a bit more clear by having a support behind it.In conclusion, these are just a few ideas that you can use to make your essay more interesting. You should take these tips and find examples that will be useful for your essay topic. Good luck!

All Proven Rapists, Pedophiles and Murderers Should...

Working Title: â€Å"Capital punishment for all proven rapists, pedophiles, and murderers should be made the order of the day.† In the eighteenth century, death penalty was used as the severe Punishment if a Person disobeyed the laws. Death penalty also known as Capital Punishment is the judicially ordered execution of a prisoner for a serious crime. The court, who administers the law enacted by parliament, will, after conviction of a criminal who has done serious offence, sentence him to be killed. It is believed by many, particularly those of religious persuasion that this type of punishment is inhumane and the practice should be abolished. I personally disagree with this opinion for several reasons. As Stated above, death penalty†¦show more content†¦(n.d.). Welcome. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from http://www.virtualclassroom.net/tvc/cappun/ Capital Punishment - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library. (n.d.). Questia - The Online Library of Books and Journals. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.questia.com/library/sociology-and-anthropology/criminology-and-crime/law-enforcement/capital-punishment.jsp Capital Punishment - Research and Read Books, Journals, Articles at Questia Online Library. (n.d.). Questia - The Online Library of Books and Journals. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.questia.com/library/sociology-and-anthropology/criminology-and-crime/law-enforcement/capital-punishment.jsp Death Penalty amp; Capital Punishment | Amnesty International USA. (n.d.). Amnesty International USA - Protect Human Rights. Retrieved February 26, 2011, from http://www.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/page.do?id=1011005 Dictionary - Definition of Capital Punishment. (n.d.). Websters Online Dictionary - with Multilingual Thesaurus Translation. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from http://www.websters-dictionary-online.org/definitions/Capital Punishment?cx=partner-pub-0939450753529744:v0qd01-tdlqamp;cof=FORID:9amp;ie=UTF-8amp;q=Capital Punishmentamp;sa=Search#906 England, 1. I. (n.d.). Arguments for and against capital punishment. Capital Punishment U. Retrieved

Health Promotion - 998 Words

Culture: How It Is Related to Health Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Shauna Wise September 7, 2014 Culture: How It Is Related to Health As nurses we encounter people every day from a variety of cultures, in healthcare our understanding of each patient’s cultural values will help guide us in providing care that is individualized and respectful while at the same time providing evidence based care that is safe for our patients. To provide culturally competent care to patients nurses must be aware of their own culture before they can be aware of others cultures, each culture views health, wellness, illness and healthcare workers in a different light (Edelman, Kudzma, amp; Mandle, 2014, Chapter 2).†¦show more content†¦Growing up in New Mexico we also use green chile as a method to promote health and also use when we are sick to help recover from illnesses such as colds and other viruses. We believe that health insurance is required in order to maintain health and have access to full health benefits, when time occurred that we did not have health insurance we were unsure of how to access medical care appro priately. In our family we have a long history of Baptist as our religion, we rely heavily on prayer and faith especially when health issues arise. When providing care ensuring that care is given that is based on patients cultural preferences will help the patient heal and will help nurses develop care plans that involve the patient and their family with cultural awareness. Cultural awareness is vital when educating patients about health issues, for the education to be effective and include health promotion nurses must first become aware of how their patient perceives illness and what measures are needed to ensure the patient will be compliant with health changes (Edelman et al., 2014, Chapter 2). Another difference is cultural health traditions is the use of health insurance, many families are still without health insurance and unable to access healthcare when needed and that is when they turn to their heritage for healing methods. 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There are three levels to health promotion that are utilized to optimize health. Definition of Health Promotion The World OrganizationRead MoreHealth Promotion1008 Words   |  5 PagesLevels of Health Promotion Health promotion is essential in keeping society and individuals healthy. Health promotion empowers communities and individuals for healthy living through education. The primary goal of health promotion is prevention. Nurses are key in health promotion and will be seen in diverse settings as health promotion evolves the nursing profession. There are three levels to health promotion that are utilized to optimize health. Definition of Health Promotion The World OrganizationRead MoreHealth Promotion793 Words   |  4 Pagesnow shifted to health promotion. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health promotion as the â€Å"process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions.† Health promotion focuses on changes to a community as well as an individuals health by modifying their behaviors to strive for optimal health, which The American Journal of Health Promotion defines as beingRead MoreHealth Promotion975 Words   |  4 PagesHealth Promotion Health promotion is defined as the provision of information and/or education to individuals, families and communities that encourage family unity, community commitment, and traditional spiritually that makes positive contributions to their health status (Definition of wellness.Com). It is our job as providers to promote health by any means necessary to improve community wellness. The purpose of health promotion in nursing practice is to deliver health information to individuals

Comparison Of Vivaldi And Bach - 1121 Words

Both Vivaldi and Bach were incredibly talented, and both have a distinct sound that is fairly simple to notice. If a teacher were to play one of Vivaldi’s works that had never been heard before, and a work of Bach that had never been heard before, the students could probably tell immediately the composer of each one. Why would it be so easy o tell? Vivaldi had a habit of being more melodic, and focused on shifting rhythms. His main works were concertos, a few choral works, some operas, and a few sonatas. While Bach wrote in a massive amount of genre, his work focuses strongly on counterpoint and polyphony. Bach and Vivaldi composed their music in different styles because of their influences. Some of their work will be discussed so the†¦show more content†¦Vivaldi grew up in a Catholic family. His father was a talented violinist and would be his first teacher. This allowed them to perform together. He also took lessons from a choral teacher who knew violin. Vivaldi lov es speed. At age 15, he began studying for the priesthood, which gave him 10 years to study and develop the musical and composing talents that is displayed in his works. Vivaldi spent his entire life, other than the last six or so years, with his father. As a child, they toured Venice together. Then, later on as a man, he toured Italy and later Europe. Vivaldi and his father were a pair and it seems that they held a good relationship. His father helped to write out some of the pieces that Vivaldi would think of. He preferred a combination of the choral religious music, dramatic-operatic, and classics of Italy. His most influential works were written for the orchestra of a Venetian girls’ orphanage where he was music director. It was for them that he wrote his famous concertos. Vivaldi also invented the concerto-grosso. Vivaldi and Bach have a relationship that surpasses their skills. In this, surprisingly, Vivaldi was the teacher, and Bach the student. Bach really appreciated Vivaldi because he transcribed several of his concertos. Vivaldi introduced a rhythmic liveliness and harmonic clarity that captivated Bach. He added to the blend of French dance genres, ornamentation, and German counterpoint in his inscriptions of Baroque style.Show MoreRelatedJohann Sebastian Bach Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesJohann Sebastian Bach was born into a family of musicians. It was only natural for him to pick up an instrument and excel in it. His father taught him how to play the violin and harpsichord at a very young age. All of Bach’s uncles were professional musicians, one of them; Johann Christoph Bach introduced him to the organ. Bach hit a turning point in his life when both of his parents died at the age of ten years old. Bach’s older brother Johann Christoph Bach took him in and immediately expandedRead MoreJazz and Classical Music1760 Words   |  8 Pagesscale are the categories known as Jazz and Classical music. Some of the most accomplished musicians of our time have devoted themselves to a life-long study of Jazz or Classical music, and a few exceptional musicians have actually mastered both. A comparison of classical and Jazz music will yield some interesting results and could also lead to an appreciation of the abilities needed to perform or compose these kinds of music. Lets begin with a look at the histories of the two. The music called classicalRead MoreHeavy Metal Music7270 Words   |  30 Pagesin the harmonic and melodic language of heavy metal.  The Grove Music Online states that the 1980s brought on ...the widespread adaptation of chord progressions and virtuosic practices from 18th-century European models, especially  Bach,Wilhelm Richard Wagner  and  Vivaldi, by influential guitarists such as  Eddie Van Halen,  Randy Rhoads  and  Yngwie Malmsteen. Although a number of metal musicians cite classical composers as inspiration, classical and metal are rooted in different cultural traditionsRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pageswhich is better, and you probably would be able to define what qualities make for a good plate of char kway teow. Therefore, in order to know good art when you see it, you need to have seen a lot of art - both good and bad - in order to make the comparison. The fact is that mankind has been producing art for so long that the overall body of knowledge on art has become so complex that ordinary people cannot comprehend the scope of the subject without some form of structured education. Most people

Biological Psychology

Question: Discuss about theBiological Psychology. Answer: Introduction Neurobiology of language refers to the study of neurological brain mechanisms that regulate language comprehension and production of language. On the other hand, language comprehension refers to process by which the brain understands what people speak and write. Language comprehension is important biological psychology since it hold and defines the capabilities, process, skills and the required knowledge to understand spoken and written language (John, 2007). The controversy arose in the language acquisition process during language comprehension. Many theorists indicate that acquisition of language arises from abstract sense of impression. Regel, S. and Friederici, A. (2011) study implies that language acquisition is through sensory processing of brain during language comprehension. Behavioral theorist in contrast shows that acquisition arises through successful use of signs. The aim of this essay is to provide critical study of brain comprehension of non-literal language. Non-literal or figurative language broadly refers to the psychological imaging of non-literal expression such as idioms, metaphors and proverbs. The critical aspect of non-literal language comprehension involve semantic phenomenon. According to John, C. (2007), left angular in the middle and frontal gyri that is directly related to dorsomedial prefrontal is the part involve in processing of non-literal expression. There are clear differences in brain processing of literal and non-literal languages expression. Non literal expressions are processed in the left brain hemisphere in contrast to literal language that is processed right brain hemisphere. Processing of spatial information is directly similar to processing of non-literal expression in the left brain hemisphere. Processing of spatial information involve recording of expressions and information that pertains to someones environment and this is similar to the processing of non-literal expression that take place in the left hemis phere of brain (Brandon 2008). There are several studies that have been carried out to understand the brain structure as used in comprehension of non-literal language. David, M. (2002) study methods such as standardized neuropsychological test and electrophysiology have been used to study brain structures used in comprehension of non-literal languages. Neuroimaging methods are grouped into functional imagine and structural imagine methods. Structural imaging studies the brain structures with respect to study of diseases like tumor or brain injury. Functional neuroimaging on the other hand, is used to determine the different brain parts with their relationship to comprehension of figurative expressions. Research by Mark T, et al (2005), functional imaging therefore, seeks to diagnose diseases such as brain lesions and cognitive psychology. Some of the functional neuroimaging methods include electroencephalography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and behavioral studies (Mark et al 2005).Critical examination of brain imaging methods gives understanding of brain functions and brain lesions. Neuroimaging methods have both advantages and disadvantages. David, M. (2002) evaluated electroencephalography (EEG) method to monitors and record images of brain electrical activities caused by ionic current during language expression processing at certain time duration. According Hagoort (2003), ever-related potential (ERP) can be used to study responses that are connected to brain processing and functioning in relationship to neural processing of language expressions. Firstly electroencephalography has advantages that include are ability to visualize brain activities directly during processes through direct study of brain electrical changes. According to Edward and Oksana (2014), the most important disadvantage of EEG is the difficulty in determining the source of electrical activities in brain processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging is method used to measure brain processing of language expression through detection of blood flow changes. fMRI therefore shows functional changes that occurs in the psychological brain activities leading to understanding of non-literal expressions. Research by Poldrack, A. (2008) shows that fMRI also is advantageous due to the fact that it does not use X-rays when scanning the brain processes and therefore safer to use as compares to other neuroimaging technologies. The clear disadvantage of fMRI according Haller, S. and Bartsch, A. (2009) is expensive and fact that it capture image linearly when patient is still Positron emission tomography (PET) is another imaging method that provides images of metabolic processes of the brain. This implies that PET provides three dimensional scan images during diagnosis of brain disease that are causing impairment of brain processes. Research by Roivainen, A. et al (2004), shows that PET provides advantage in biochemical examination of patients brain and diseases detection that are related to brain functioning and non-literal expressions. According to Health Quality (2010), disadvantage of PET is the possibility of radioactive risk during imaging procedures. Brandon (2008), neuroimaging methods have significant differences and similarity with behavioral study of brain. Neuroimaging applies various brain methods to study and image functions or structures of brain. Behavioral brain study the other side, applies different biological principles to study psychological brain processes. Kaan, E. (2007) stated that neuroimaging methods such as EEG, fMRI and PET enable visualization of non-literal expressions comprehension and the impairment of these brain process directly increasing chance to view brain lesion. In contrast, behavioral studies concentrate on neurons, hormones and other biological processes that occur in brain as evidence for non-literal language impairments. Both neuroimaging method and behavioral study of brain lesions consider neurological activities to provide evidence of abnormalities in brain comprehension of expressions. Neuroimaging study neural activities that occur when brain comprehend figurative language similar to beh avioral study that reveal biological process in neurons (Health Quality 2010). Positron emission tomography according to Heinke, W. and Schwarzbauer, C. (2002) functions with radioactive tracers chemicals introduced into bloodstream. This implies that positron radioisotopes that are labeled radioactive atoms, the radiotracer compound follow blood to the brain. The patient has radioactive injected into bloodstream that can be risk for expectant mothers and other patients. A similar study by Dixon and Adam et al (2015), indicate that breastfeeding mothers and pregnant mothers are not suitable for PET scanning since babies and infants are highly responsive to radiations. Townsend, D. and Bailey, L. (2005) also conducted research on PET and indicated that during natural radioactive decay, point to the possibility of radioactive exposure. Some patients are allergic to radiotracers and may risk the patients health. Under some instances radiotracers are introduced into a vein (IV) or the radioactive material is breathed in through the nose. On weighing the various neuroimaging approaches, fMRI proves to be the approach I will use for this type of research is neuroimaging method particularly fMRI technique. Firstly, fMRI is safe to use since it does not use X-rays to capture images as compared to other neuroimaging methods. This is particularly important for studying non-literal language that requires image view without radioactive rays. Rjntjes et al 2012 study shows that fMRI is suitable for patients such as breastfeeding and pregnant women due to the minimal use of radiation. Thirdly, it is easy to visualize processes taking place in the brain hemisphere since the methods can capture images deep inside the body depending on the blood flow. In conclusion, non-literal language comprehension occurs in the brain during neuron processing. Many studies have been done to understand brain structures and functions with respect to processing of both literal and figurative languages. Behavioral study and neuroimaging methods offer the best alternative ways to study and understand neural pathways followed by language expression. Brain imaging methods offers opportunity to visualize the brain neural processing activities when the brain comprehends figurative language. EEG, PET and fMRI are some of the neuroimaging methods used in brain research. Finally, PET is a brain scaning technology that can expose patient to radiation thereby posing risk to use in expectant and breastfeeding mothers. Reference Brandon K (2008), Brain scanner and what you are. Wired News. CondeNet. Dixon, A. and Adam A et al (2015), Grainger Allisons diagnostic radiology. Philadelphia, AP: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. David, M. (2002), The origin of EEG. International society for the history of neuroscience (ISHN). Edward, F. and Oksana, Z, (2014), In Electroencephalography. Journal of the neuroscience 24(4): 275-287 Hagoort P, (2003), ERP effects of combining syntactic and semantic violations. Journal of cognitive neuroscience 15(5): 883-887. Health Quality (2010), Neuroimaging for lesions. Ontario health technology assessment series 10(23): 1-57 Haller, S. and Bartsch, A. (2009), Pitfalls in fMRI. European Radiology 19(1): 258-2707 John, C (2007), Introduction to Spoken Language Processing. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Heinke, W. and Schwarzbauer, C. (2002), In vivo imaging of anaesthetic action in humans: Approaches with positron emission topography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). British Journal of Anaesthesia, 89(1), 112. Kaan, E. (2007), Eventà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ related potentials and language processing: A brief overview. Language and Linguistics Compass, 1(6), 571-591. Mark T, et al (2005), cognitive psychology: A student handbook. Taylor Francis. Retrieved 20-12-2012. Poldrack, A. (2008), The role of fMRI in neuroscience. Current opinion on neurobiology 18 (3): 22-7. Regel, S., and Friederici, A. (2011), Isn't it ironic: An electrophysiological exploration of figurative language processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(2), 277-293. Rjntjes, M. et al (2012), Functional neuroimaging. Bradleys clinical practice in neurology. Philadelphia, AP: Elsevier Saunders. Roivainen, A. et al (2004), Using PET. Journal of neuroscience medicine 45 (6): 72-9 Townsend, D. and Bailey, L. (2005), PET: Basic Science. Secaucus, New York: Springer-Verlag.

The Fashion Channel Essay Example

The Fashion Channel Essay After analyzing the proposed scenarios it is recommend TFH adopting Scenario-3: Focuses on both Factionists and Shoppers/Planners segments. 2. The recommendation is based on the scenarios analysis and the decision matrix outcome. The main reason for this selection would be Its superior projected net profit over the other scenarios margin) as well as Its source. For this approach, revenue increases from both premiership and CPM. A diversified revenue source reduces risk of meeting revenue projection and risk of losing cable striation support due to ratings decrease. Another Important aspect Is that Its a well balanced solution between two desired phenomena: differentiation from competitors and creating a loyal customer base which are less likely to shift to competitors programs. Targeting shows to a narrow (and profitable) segment of viewers would brand the network as a premium fashion provider, a channel that Is focused only on delivering high quality and do not intends to satisfies all. A positive by product of this approach would be higher customer retention which has higher monetary value than the casual viewer (acquiring a new costumer is estimated to cost about 5 time more than retaining one). Note that although scenario-2 as well delivers these values it incurs higher risk due to its aggressive and narrow market Finally, although the channel is still generating a healthy profit segmentation. And therefore one would be reluctant to changes, this suggested graduate, less drastic change would help management to stand behind it from other business aspects such finance, accounting, operation and shareholder value. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fashion Channel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Mob

The Mob Organized crime exists in many countries today, and has for many years. The word "mafia" is symbolic of organized crime and is a familiar word throughout the world. In Italy, however, the Sicilian Mafia is such an extensive and socially imbedded organization that it practically exists as a separate state. The sociologist Max Weber has studied the Sicilian Mafia extensively, as have many other sociologists. Three areas where Weber and the other sociologists have studied extensively have been the authority within the organization, the necessity of violence within the organization, and justification of violence within the Sicilian organization ("Verstehen: Max Weber's Home Page").The Mafia is rooted deeply in the feudal past of Sicily. Throughout its history, Sicily has been invaded many times. The Arabs invaded it in the ninth century, the Normans in the eleventh century, the French in the twelfth century, the Germans, Spanish, Austrians, and Greeks in the fifteenth century.LA MAFIA E' UNA MONTAGNA DI MERDASecret societies developed in the hills of Sicily to resist foreign rulers. Sicily's Mafia grew strong in the nineteenth century as a system of administration and justice when the government was providing little administration or justice. When the Allied forces freed Italy in World War II, they freed the anti-Mussolini prisoners, many of who were members of the Mafia. Some of these Mafioso were given positions of power in the Italian government. In this way the Mafia began to combine politics and organized crime in Italy. The Mafia moved out of the hills and into the Sicilian cities (Nicaso and Lamothe 32).Today the Mafia has three main sources for its vast income: public contracts, drug dealing, and extortion. It relies on fear and violence as its tools (Gambetta).The origin of the word "mafia" is not known for certain. There is one story that...

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Therefore, for an entrepreneur to succeed in combining innovations to revolutionize the patterns of production, he has to carry out new combinations in productions, through a process that requires a work force. In addition, entrepreneurs require professional management skills, since their obsession becomes a liability in managing the growth of a business. 2. On the other hand, feasibility analysis before venturing in a business is necessary, since the analysis enables an entrepreneur to understand the business process and identify the factors that will facilitate success s of the business venture. Therefore, venturing in to a business without conducting a feasibility test can lead to an over estimation or underestimation of factors that will facilitate the continuation of the business. For example, an entrepreneur may have an idea of starting a business, which requires acquisition of a certain machine for production. If the entrepreneur fails to conduct a technical feasibility analysis, a technical problem on the machine can cause a downfall of the business. Therefore, if the entrepreneur had decided to conduct a technical feasibility analysis, he would have had the chance of identifying availability of technical expertise to correct the problem if it occurs, hence sustaining productivity in the Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2 Entrepreneurship - Essay Example on creating positive outcome for new products and services as well as in the operational processes of that particular business or start up that engages in it. The managerial processes, the market segment and the organizational structure of the business may also experience the positive impact of innovation when it is clearly and properly implemented and integrated into the business. Different businesses and startup companies engage in innovation for different reasons. The ultimate goal of innovation is to improve the businesses (Lee et al., 2000). The changes that are associated with innovation are intended to improve the efficiency, profitability and the viability of that particular business. There are several aspects of a business that are known to benefit from innovation both in an existing businesses or a new entrepreneurial start up. Some of these aspects and areas include finance, research and development, sales, human resources and marketing. Acs and Szerb (2009) state that innovation does not need to be new or revolutionary for it to be of benefit to the business or entrepreneurial start up. The aim of this paper is to explore the role that is played by innovation in entrepreneurial startups and in the growth of businesses. This is done through a reviewed of existing literature in peer reviewed journals. In order to unravel and explore the role of innovation in entrepreneurial startups and in the growth of businesses, this paper relies on secondary data that exist in journals. To explore and understand how innovation impacts on entrepreneurial startups and the role that it plays in the growth of existing businesses, the paper will use peer reviewed journals. The journals that will be used in this paper are those that deal with innovation, entrepreneurship and growth of businesses. In selecting the journals to be used in the paper, an analysis of various journals that deal with the topic was done. After this, the journals that contain data and information

What are the key internal factors and external factors to be Essay

What are the key internal factors and external factors to be considered in price decision making - Essay Example he equilibrium point where demand curve intersects with supply curve is the deciding point at which price is determined. When price is considered in terms of demand and supply, it can be said that price has inverse relationship with demand and positive relationship with supply. In other words, when price increases demand decreases and vice versa, while price increases supply also increases. This is because, when price increases, the customers would like to reduce its consumption as the product seems to be more expensive. Likewise, when price increases, the firms will be encouraged to produce or supply more, as they expect more for their products. In another words, price has the tendency to be increased by the increased demand and to be decreased by the increased supply. But in a real market, price is not solely determined by the equilibrium position of supply and demand, but some other factors also play crucial role in deciding the price of the products. Pricing is a more a complex a nd complicated process than a simple determination of demand and supply. Hence, pricing policies which are deliberately taken by the firm is the most important deciding factor which decides the price of a particular product. These pricing policies of the firm are influenced, in general, by two sets of factors- internal and external. Both the internal as well as external factors influence the pricing decisions of any enterprise or firm. These factors may be psychological, economical, quantitative or qualitative. (Sawyer, 1981 and Kotler, 1997). 2. Internal Factors Pricing decisions are influenced by a number of internal factors which consist of profit margin, cost of production and other expenses, brand image and expectations of the company, suppliers’ and employees’ efficiency and responsiveness of the product to the price changes (Kotler, 1997). . These factors can broadly categorized under the following heads: 2.1 Corporate and marketing objectives of the firm. Corpo rate and marketing objectives of the firm mainly seek to recover the cost elements of all types, to make target returns and to maximize the profit. Coverage of the corporate cost of production as well as marketing should be an influential factor of pricing policy of the firm. Corporate objective of making specific return rates on the basis of internal cost factors is another important internal factor which play crucial role in an organization’s pricing strategy. Some important examples of other market objectives are survival of the firm in a high competitive atmosphere, current profit maximization, market share leadership and product quality leadership (Munroe, 1990). 2.2. Image sought by the firm through the price By setting a particular price or implementing a pricing policy, the firms seek a particular public image and this image plays a crucial role in the pricing policy. For example, premium prices are usually being charged for global brand. Likewise, a plant keep going by setting a low price in the hope that in future, the plant can increase the demand. In this case, survival is more important than price or profit maximization (Forman, 1998). 2.2 The Stage of the Production in its life cycle The stage of the production under which the firm goes through is an important factor in the price setting strategy. Whether the firm is going through increasing, decreasing or stagnant returns of scale and where the position of its average and marginal product curves stand, are the important things which decisively play role in the pricing policy of the firm. 2.3. Capacity Utilization and Market Contribution rates Capacity utilization has a positive influence on cost-based pricing strategies. Organizations operating at full capacity are capable of spreading the fixed cost to various units and

Doing Business Abroad Essay Example for Free

Doing Business Abroad Essay Companies around the world are expanding in order to meet a larger market. However, this is no easy task even for people who have been doing business for decades for there is always this thing called cultural diversity. This thing is put into consideration not only of companies and managers that establish businesses in other countries but also of those who engage into joint ventures and alliances. Setting a company globally requires not only good managers but thorough study as well. A market research would be very helpful especially to determine the needs and wants of the people in the locality. A bunch of factors affect the preference of people like religion, beliefs and environment. Should the product be modified to fit the desires of the people? For instance, burgers with beef patty are modified in order to be accepted and sold in Hindu-dominated countries. There are also cross-cultural trainings for managers that would be sent abroad. These are usually conducted by business schools with the aim of providing global managers who have the ability to cope with different challenges that they may encounter, especially those that are brought about by diversity in culture. However, as much as these trainings would help, they are not yet enough to suffice for the thorough understanding and settlement of cultural differences that might yield success to a business that spread its wings. Problems still remain due to this cultural diversity. Even with the repute of English in conducting business globally, language remains a problem. Language, as defined in the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is words with their pronunciation and the methods of combining them to be used and understood by a community. Words are not enough. Pronunciation and accent are essential, and at this part is where problem usually occurs. As Edward Burman cited in his article entitled Managing Cultural Diversity in a Global World, linguistic confidence can be perceived as quasi-colonial arrogance and this may eventually lead to conflicts. Similarly, jokes and stories which are essential in building harmonious relationship among workers are affected, not just because of the way they were delivered but more importantly by the context that they were formulated. Some humorous acts might be insulting to others, which again might lead to discord. Another problem that may arise due to cultural diversity is the way the human resource personnel determines the appropriate candidate for a job. Whether be it an expatriate or a native of the location of the headquarter, the measure to the achievements of an applicant varies from the school where he acquired his degree and skill to the society where he belong. These qualities may not be well-reflected in his application forms or the result of his examination or interview. Although it may be known to the resource manager that different cultures respond differently to various situations, the challenge is still to determine the best person whose culture and skill perfectly fits the job. Also, developing the trust with people from other culture opens another difficulty especially if a company will merge or ally with a local company of other country. Research can be done to be able to identify possible reasons to trust but it remains a thorny job for the managers in the negotiation table. Everything will matter, from the physical appearance to the gestures. Aside from these problems cited by Edward Burman, the way to designate a manager to a place is something to be thoroughly thought of. According to an interview with Robert J. Freeman, Americans are a bit resistant to exotic destinations. The question then is how these Americans would be assigned to a location beyond his desire. Or since there are expatriates of more than sixty nationalities, which should be chosen and what type of compromise would the company give to convince the manager. Nevertheless, these problems can be addressed if global managers have several skills as discussed by Josephine Song in her article Transcending Borders. The first is technical skills. Aside from the field that he is expected to master in order to efficiently perform his task, he must also be able to utilize the means that globalization brings for the betterment of doing things. He must be able to maximize opportunities and resources that might be useful for the accomplishment of his job. Likewise, he must also have good communication skills which comprise not only of knowledge of words but their proper pronunciation and usage as well, most especially English which is the basic medium for conducting business globally. Communication is not only via speaking, but also via reading, writing or listening. More importantly, global managers must take caution in their words and actions so that misunderstandings would be avoided. They must also be innovative and resourceful to improve their businesses according to the locality. With increase in expatriates all over the globe, I think it would be unfair to say that they or the locals could better cope with the changes. They might have an advantage with regards to having dealt with different cultures already that they might not find it anymore difficult to relate with another set of people. Their presence in the top management could also bring global perspective. But, their knowledge of the culture of the country where the company is located might be very limited as compared to the locals. Yes, they may be able to learn and adapt but still, the culture instilled in them would always be a part of them and their decisions and reservations. I think, it would be better to have a mix of expatriate and local managers in a global business for as Burman concluded, management remains culture-bound, be it local or expatriate.

Access to Information - The Widening Gap Essay -- Exploratory Essays R

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The Comparison Between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theory

The Comparison between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Theory There are very distinct differences between Psychodynamic and Humanistic Counselling but both ultimately offer the help and guidance to discover why we act the way we do and why we make certain choices in our lives. Throughout this essay, I will endeavour to explain those major differences and you will see that despite these completely different methods of therapy, depending on what the problem maybe, they can both work very effectively in their own way. Carl Rogers, born in 1902, was the originator of the Person Centred Approach or Humanistic Theory.His work was influenced by his experience of being a client and a counsellor (Casemore, 2006) and he believed a trusting relationship was essential in helping the client to grow and develop in order that they could cope with difficulties in a more effective manner and to function more effectively. There is a strong emphasis of the need for counsellors to think of their clients as people rather than impersonal bodies. Characteristics important for effectiveness in the counsellor/client relationship are congruence, where the counsellor must be genuinely themselves, a complete and whole person.Empathic, which is the ability to understand and appreciate the clients perspective. To ‘live’ in their world and accept who they are unconditionally and unconditional positive regard which involves accepting the client completely and in a non-judgemental way. Rogers believed that all humans have a natural desire for personal growth and potential so that they can take responsibility for their own actions and the way they live their lives. This view is called the Actualising Tendency. He believed that everybody had an inner need to wholeness.The self-concept is also important in Person Centred Counselling. This relates to the individuals perception or the way in which they see themselves based on life experiences and attitudes from those important people arou nd them when they were young. Abraham Maslow is another theorist whose contribution to the Person Centred Approach is very significant. He proposed a hierarchy of needs which he believed were responsible for human motivation and drive. They are as follows: Physiological Needs – These are biological needs.They consist of needs for oxygen, food, and water. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the person's search for satisfaction. Safety Needs – When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviors, the needs for security can become active. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness – When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge.Needs for Esteem – When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become domi nant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Needs for Self-Actualization – When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a person's need to be and do that which the person was â€Å"born to do. † According to Maslow it is possible for people to work towards self-actualisation by practising behaviours which encourage the development of confidence and openness.These include; trying new experiences and to challenge oneself, to assume responsibility, strive to be honest and to develop a capacity to trust onself, Both Maslow and Rogers had very similar views. Maslow believed that the most basic drive was to become the person that one is capable of becoming and Rogers believed that the basic drive was to become the person that one truly is. Gestalt Therapy is a psychotherapy, based on the experiential ideal of â€Å"here and now†, and relationships with others and the world, and was co-founded by Fritz Perls, Laura Perls and Paul Goodman in the 1940s-1950s (Wikipidia 2004).Perls did not belive in a single particular theory. He thought you should always just go with the flow and work with what you have and what is happening in the now. He placed great importance on the client becoming self aware and thus developed the Gestalt theory. This therapy focuses more on process (what is happening) than content (what is being discussed). The emphasis is on what is being done, thought and felt at the moment rather than on what was, might be, could be, or should be.Perls believed in minipulating the client, bringing them out of their comfort zone and challenging them. To own what you say and do and to be aware of unconscious actions/words. In the 1950's Eric Berne began to develop his theories of Transactional Analysis. He said that verbal communication, particularly face to face, is at the centre of hum an social relationships and psychoanalysis. His starting-point was that when two people encounter each other, one of them will speak to the other. This he called the Transaction Stimulus.The reaction from the other person he called the Transaction Response. The person sending the Stimulus is called the Agent. The person who responds is called the Respondent. Transactional Analysis became the method of examining the transaction wherein: ‘I do something to you, and you do something back'. Berne also said that each person is made up of three alter ego states: Parent – This is our ingrained voice of authority, absorbed conditioning, learning and attitudes from when we were young. Child – Our internal reaction and feelings to external events form the ‘Child'.This is the seeing, hearing, feeling, and emotional body of data within each of us. When anger or despair dominates reason, the Child is in control. Adult – Our ‘Adult' is our ability to think a nd determine action for ourselves, based on received data. The adult in us begins to form at around ten months old, and is the means by which we keep our Parent and Child under control. If we are to change our Parent or Child we must do so through our adult. Transactional Analysis is effectively a language within a language; a language of true meaning, feeling and motive.It can help you in every situation, firstly through being able to understand more clearly what is going on, and secondly, by virtue of this knowledge, we give ourselves choices of what ego states to adopt, which signals to send, and where to send them. This enables us to make the most of all our communications and therefore create, develop and maintain better relationships (Businessballs. com) Looking at the Psychodynamic side, Freud took the view that human beings are never free from their behaviours, thoughts and feelings.That we are governed by past events and reinact them in our present. Sigmund Freud is the fat her of the Psychodynamic Theory. This focuses on the unconscious aspects of personality. According to Freud the human mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden in the unconscious. He believed that the conscious level of the mind was similar to the tip of the iceberg which could be seen, but the unconscious was mysterious and was hidden. The unconscious also consists of aspects of personality of which a person is unaware. The conscious on the other hand is that which is within our awareness.The preconscious consists of that which is not in immediate awareness but is easily accessible (Himmat Rana 1997) Freud believed the personality is made up of three parts. They are: Id – the oldest part and present from birth and necessary for survival. The Ego – realistic awareness of self and of the world. Has evolved through contact with the external world and is determined by the individuals own experiences. Acts as mediator between the id and the superego and the Superego â⠂¬â€œ parental and social influences. Moral judgement and conscience.Main function is to curb he demands of the id. When anxiety occurs, the mind first responds by an increase in problem-solving thinking, seeking rational ways of escaping the situation. If this is not fruitful, a range of defence mechanisms may be triggered. In Freud's language, these are tactics which the Ego develops to help deal with the Id and the Super Ego. Freud's Defence Mechanisms include:  ·Denial: claiming/believing that what is true to be actually false.  ·Displacement: redirecting emotions to a substitute target. Intellectualization: taking an objective viewpoint.  ·Projection: attributing uncomfortable feelings to others.  ·Rationalization: creating false but credible justifications.  ·Reaction Formation: overacting in the opposite way to the fear.  ·Regression: going back to acting as a child.  ·Repression: pushing uncomfortable thoughts into the subconscious.  ·Sublimation: redirecting ‘wrong' urges into socially acceptable actions. Carl Jung was an associate of Freud who disagreed on a number of issues and finally broke away from Freud with his own ideas.He developed Analytical Psychology and it consists of the following; The collective unconscious – This is the deepest part of the psyche which contains all experiences that are inherited. The Personal Unconscious – This is material that was once conscious but has become forgotton or suppressed. Jung referred to the universal ideas and images of the collective unconscious as archetypes. These are original forms which all human beings in all societies recognise. Archetypes can also appear in shared emotional experience and these unconscious ideas and patterns of thought are likely to surface during momentous events such as birth and death.This shared psychological experience was regarded by Jung as evidence of a collective unconscious. There are four major archetypes of the collective unconscio us: The word â€Å"persona† means a mask and refers to the outward appearance which people use in everyday life. The word â€Å"anima† refers to the unconscious female quality in the male and the word â€Å"animus† refers to the unconscious male quality in the female. The shadow is the inferior being within us which is primitive and animal. It is also the personal unconscious is similar to Freuds concept of the id.The term â€Å"self† describes a state of complete integration of all the separate elements of personality (Hough 1994) Alfred Adler broke away from Freuds school and set up his own called individual psychology. He believed that personality developed through sibling order and placed emphasis on the social development of man. He viewed people as mostly conscious rather than unconscious. For Adler, it was useless to focus on drives and impulses without giving attention to how the person creatively directs the drives. Adler believed that inferiorit y feelings are the source of all human striving.All individual progress, growth and development result from the attempt to compensate for one's inferiorities. Feeling unattractive, or don't belong somewhere. Not strong enough or smart enough. So everyone is trying to overcome something that is hampering them from becoming what they want to become. The meaning of superiority is like self-realization. The striving for perfections is innate in the sense that it is a part of life. Throughout a person's life, Adler believed, he or she is motivated by the need to overcome the sense of inferiority and strive for ever higher levels of development.Everything Adler says ties into the lifestyle. For Adler, meanings are not determined by situation, but we are self-determined by the meaning we attribute to a situation. Melanie Klein had a significant impact on child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was a leading innovator in theorizing object relations theory. According to Klein, the infant's world was threatened from the beginning by intolerable anxieties, whose source she believed to be the infant's own death instinct.These â€Å"persecutory† anxieties, which were felt in the infant's own bodily needs as well as from the external frustrations to those needs, were overwhelming to the infant, and in order to combat them the infant resorted to defenses whose aim was to isolate her from them. Through these primitive defenses—projection, denial, splitting, withdrawal, and â€Å"omnipotent control† of these objects—the infant put threatening, â€Å"bad† objects, outside herself and into the external world; simultaneously, she preserved the â€Å"good† objects, both within herself and externally, by splitting them off from their malevolent counterparts.Perhaps the most fundamental of these processes were projection and introjection, which described the infant's first, primitive attempts to differentiate himself from the w orld, inside from outside, self from other, based on the prototype of oral incorporation (and spitting out) and the infant's relation to his first, nurturing/frustrating object, the mother's breast. In Bowlby's approach, the child is considered to have a need for a secure relationship with adult caregivers, without which normal social and emotional development will not occur.However, different relationship experiences can lead to different developmental outcomes. A number of attachment styles in infants with distinct characteristics have been identified known as secure attachment, avoidant attachment, anxious attachment and disorganized attachment. These can be measured in both infants and adults Attachment is an affectional tie that one person forms between him/herself and another specific one (usually the parent) — a tie that binds them together in space and endures over time.Attachment theory states that attachment is a developmental process based on the evolved adaptive t endency for young children to maintain proximity to a familiar person, called the attachment figure. Four different attachment styles have been identified in children: secure, anxious-ambivalent, anxious-avoidant, and disorganized. Secure Attachment – The child protests the mother's departure and quiets promptly on the mother's return, accepting comfort from her and returning to exploration.Avoidant Attachment – The child shows little to no signs of distress at the mother's departure, a willingness to explore the toys, and little to no visible response to the mother's return. Ambivalent Attachment – The child shows sadness on the mother's departure, ability to be picked up by the stranger and even ‘warm' to the stranger, and on the mother's return, some ambivalence, signs of anger, reluctance to ‘warm' to her and return to play. Disorganized Attachment – The child presents stereotypes upon the mother's return after separation, such as freezing for several seconds or rocking.This appears to indicate the child's lack of coherent coping strategy. Children who are classified as disorganized are also given a classification as secure, ambivalent or avoidant based on their overall reunion behavior. â€Å"The main differences between the two therapies are that the Psychodynamic Theory centres on the past experiences of the client. By using dream interpretation, free association and others, it concentrates on looking at childhood experiences and normal or abnormal development. Humanistic is based on the clients interpretation of what is happening in the here and now.It allows the client to express himself without having to look in the past†. (Wiki. answers. com) Rogers believed that the counselling relationship was based on mutuality, in which both the client and the counsellor are of equal importance whereas in Psychodynamic Counselling the Counsellor is regarded as the expert. Bibliography Person Centred Counselling by R oger Casemore, 2006, Sage Publications A Practical Approach to Counselling by Margaret Hough, 1994, Pittman Publishing Sigmund Freud by Himmat Rana 1997 www. Wikipedia/Fritz_Perls Businessballs. com

The Multiculturalism And Education Policy - 962 Words

Multiculturalism and Education Policy How we educate our students is a contentious topic. Many stakeholders have different ideas about what will make our schools more successful. Without going into great detail about the past, it is safe to say the current paradigm is one of standards and assessment. Schools have gone â€Å"back to basics† – reading, math, science, and little else (Newman, 2013). In order to be considered successful, schools have resorted to teaching to the standardized tests. Effective school advocates believe that the country should pay less attention to racial issues and student racial composition of schools and instead concentrate on academic quality only (Newman, 2006). I do not agree. I do not feel that school success is an all or nothing venture where we have to decide between concentrating only on academic quality or multicultural issues. Instead, I think that concentrating on multiculturalism issues, such as racial issues and racial composition of schools, creates a nurtur ing and supportive environment thereby improving academic quality. â€Å"Although education is often promoted as a pathway out of poverty, American educational disparities are such that the families with the greatest need are often relegated to the least adequate educational resources (Sue Sue, 2013). 60 years after de jure segregation was outlawed, schools are almost as segregated as they were before desegregation (Hannah-Jones, 2014). â€Å"Such segregation is sometimes calledShow MoreRelatedMichelle Julia Anderson- 250848884. 2230E- Erin Orr. Tuesday,1329 Words   |  6 PagesOrr Tuesday, February 7th, 2017 Multiculturalism has played a significant role in Canada, since its establishment 40 years ago. Much of Canadian society is reflective of different cultures from around the world making multiculturalism a very relevant topic to Canadians. 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On the other hand, loss of unity and conflicts may occur due to contrasting worldviews of the citizens. All in all, multiculturalism is a controversial policy that has both advantages and disadvantages, butRead MoreHistory and Museum – Instilling National Identity and Multiculturalism by display of History in Museum1711 Words   |  7 Pagescollective national memory and thence to constitute a collective national identity†. The way of displaying war photos and different exhibits may have functions of raising national identity and present multiculturalism to audience. This essay will be discussed about how nationalization and multiculturalism presents through history in China’s museum from examine several museums in China. China as a communism country usually takes various measure to remain the stability of the country to emphasis the identityRead MoreCanad A Beneficial Thing1693 Words   |  7 PagesCanada in the early stages was not how it was today, especially in the area of multiculturalism. Multiculturalism in Canada during the 1900’s was rare and not spoken of. In fact, the British people in Canada were against it. They came up with laws like the â€Å"Chinese Head Tax†, the â€Å"Continuous Journey Regulation† and residential schools in order to make it hard for foreigners to come and live in Canada. After awhile, Canada decided to become an independent country and separ ated from the British ruleRead MoreAn Evaluation of the Concept of Multiculturalism and Its Influence on Curriculum Development1147 Words   |  5 Pagesresearch proposal aims at evaluating the concept of multiculturalism and its influence in the curriculum development with a special focus in Atlanta, Georgia high schools Introduction The concept of multiculturalism has been indicated by Taylor (1992) to present several challenges to the American society. In this paper we present an analysis and the outcome of a field based activity on the Atlanta public school on the issue of multiculturalism, its future trend and data projection on minority studentsRead MoreWhat Canada s Government Should Not Be Tolerated Under Multiculturalism1698 Words   |  7 Pagesmore diverse. As a result, governments have begun introducing multicultural policies which protect and accommodate the practices and beliefs of various minority groups. Granted that multiculturalism has enriched modern societies with creativity, innovation, and economic prosperity, problems have arisen. One of the significant challenges faces these societies is what should or should not be tolerated under multiculturalism. This question has resulted in conflicts between groups seeking to expand human