The Parliamentary Debate On The Munich Agreement Essay

The Parliamentary Debate on the Munich Agreement World War II is among the most significant wars in American history. Although the U.S. didn’t join the war efforts directly until after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the impact the war had on the U.S. was great. Among other causes, the Munich Agreement was one of many things that came into in existence paving the way for WWII to begin. As addressed in the Parliamentary Debate on the Munich Agreement, many in the British Parliament (Winston Churchill, Neville Chamberlain, etc.) discussed the course of action that should be taken regarding Germany and Hitler. Many, including Neville Chamberlain signed this agreement in hopes of maintaining peace, others, like Winston Churchill believed that holding for peace would ultimately lead to their downfall. The Munich Agreement was a pact that allowed Germany to annex many parts of Czechoslovakia also known as Sudetenland; Sudetenland was along Germany’s borders and this is where many of the citizens were native in the language but of different races. These plans on Sudetenland, if acted on would inevitably cause another world war, â€Å"†¦it became known in May 1938 that Hitler and his generals were drawing up a plan for the occupation of Czechoslovakia.† (Munich Agreement). France and Great Britain were allies with Czechoslovakia at this time; Czechoslovakia was also involved in a treaty with the Soviet Union declaring the readiness of the Russian military to assist France and Great BritainShow MoreRelatedThe Terror Of World War II Essay1492 Words   |  6 Pagessome debate about this account. At the outbreak of World War I, Hitler applied to serve in the German army. He was accepted in August 1914, though he was still an Austrian citizen. Although he spent much of his time away from the front lines, Hitler was present at a number of significant battles and was wounded at the Somme (www.wikipedia.com). He was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross First Class and the Black Wound Badge.After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich and continuedRead MoreThe Terror Of Wwii : Adolf Hitler1456 Words   |  6 Pagessome debate about this account. At the outbreak of World War I, Hitler applied to serve in the German army. He was accepted in August 1914, though he was still an Austrian citizen. Although he spent much of his time away from the front lines, Hitler was present at a number of significant battles and was wounded at the Somme (www.wikipedia.com). He was decorated for bravery, receiving the Iron Cross First Class and the Black Wound Badge.After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich and continuedRead MoreThe United Nations7583 Words   |  31 Pagesthe centre of World War II in Europe and the Holocaust. 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Us China - 3615 Words

ASSIGNMENT Chinese Foreign Policy ------------------------------------------------- Does Chinese Foreign Policy reflect the concerns of a status quo power or a revisionist power? INTRODUCTION Before addressing this question, it is essential to establish what is meant by a status quo or revisionist power. Hans Morgenthau described a status quo power as one that favours and aims to maintain â€Å"the distribution of power as it exists at a particular moment in history†,. Similarly, proponents of power transition theory use the concept of the â€Å"rules of the game† regarding nations’ power relations to define status quo and revisionist states, the latter desiring to â€Å"redraft the rules† out of a â€Å"general dissatisfaction† with their share†¦show more content†¦An access-denial strategy is therefore a core safeguard for China, being itself a continental power neighbour to four states that possess nuclear weapons and surrounded by a perimeter of on-going conflicts. Furthermore, a maritime build-up is desired not only for its strategic importance but also to address the popular naval complex among the Chinese nationalist publ ic who has often blamed their country’s defeats on their weak navy. It would, as figured by Chinese leaders, help correct China’s self-consciousness as the only permanent member of UNSC that lacks naval capacity join rescue missions and crisis interventions. ECONOMY It is widely perceived by the West that China’s growing confidence is mainly attributed to its growing economic power, which is also the issue area where Western observers notice a particularly ‘provocative’ tone, supporting their verdict with examples such as Wen Jiabao’s criticism of the US â€Å"economic mismanagement† or Chinese banks’ concerns over â€Å"the dollar’s continued role as the international reserve currency†. 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After the detonation of the atomic bombs at the end of World War II, war itself was forever changed. Atomic weaponry brought the potential for destruction on a massive scale. Concurrently, nations all over the globe were left reeling from the casualties of the war. Communist Dictatorships took hold in much of Eastern Europe and Asia, under Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, and

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Summary Example For Students

The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet Summary There are many factors throughout the story of Romeo and Juliet that leads to their deaths. It is an unfortunate outcome of the story that we are even warned about in the prologue. Romeo and Juliet are described as a pair of star-crossed lovers this asserts the fact they are ill-fated, also their connection between each other is described as death-marked love which also suggests that their relationship will be connected with death. Their death-marked love is a result of four factors: fate, the feud between the families, Romeo and Juliet themselves, and other characters such as Friar Lawrence and Capulet. Most of their problems are just down to chance or according to the prologue, fate. The first of these events is Capulets servant accidentally meeting Romeo and Benvolio in Act1 Scene2. The servant is carrying an invitation to Capulets party but cannot read it, I pray, sir, can you read? he asks Romeo. Romeo offers to read it for him, noticing that a girl named Rosaline will be there whom Romeo is currently in love with, he slyly adds himself and Mercutio to the list. Once at the party in Act1 Scene5, Romeo is discovered by Tybalt (line 53) but Capulet intervenes by stopping him as he does not want any blood shed at his party. Tybalt leaves the party threatening vengeance, which will act as a complication to the young lovers later on. Romeo unaware of this then meets Juliet for the first time, their love blossoms quickly as if it was love at first sight. The nurse then intervenes and from her, Romeo finds out that Juliet is a Capulet, and he being a Montague is a big problem as they have been brought up to hate each other but Romeo looks past this feud and continues to love Juliet. Though Romeo is a Montague and an enemy to all Capulets, Juliet still loves him though regrets that she must love a loathà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½d enemy. Though Romeo and Juliet are supposed to hate each other they cannot stop their blossoming love, and the day after the party they decide to have a secret marriage in Act2 Scene6. Act3 Scene1 is possibly the most directional scene in Romeo and Juliet, here the vengeance sworn Tybalt, meets with Mercutio and Benvolio and they quarrel amongst each other threatening death. Romeo then enters and Tybalt says to Mercutio Well, peace be with you sir, here comes my man. This indicates that Tybalts fight is with Romeo and not Mercutio. Romeo, now related to Tybalt through Juliet, wishes to keep the peace and says to Tybalt, Villain am I none; Therefore farewell, I see thou knowest me not. Mercutio now thinks Romeo is a coward for backing away from the fight with Tybalt and exclaims, O calm, dishonourable, vile submission! and draws his sword on Tybalt, a fight between Tybalt and Mercutio arises. Romeo steps between them to stop them and Tybalt stabs Mercutio from under Romeos arm. Mercutio, on the verge of death is angry at the Capulets and the Montagues, A plague a both houses! He now hates the Montagues as well because Romeo is a Montague yet did not help him in his fatal duel with Tybalt. Enraged from Tybalt killing his best friend Mercutio, Romeo fights with Tybalt and kills him, suddenly realising what he has done he is angry at is behaviour, to Benvolio he says, O, I am fortunes fool. He says as he remembers what the prince had said in Act 1 Scene1 to the opposing houses, that If ever you disturb our streets again, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. Romeo is then caught but not executed as the Prince promised, he is exiled from Verona because he killed Tybalt for killing his friend Mercutio, which is seen as not as bad as killing him for an unjust reason. .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e , .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .postImageUrl , .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e , .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e:hover , .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e:visited , .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e:active { border:0!important; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e:active , .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf803e498ab8ef780ea904c15b687513e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Julietby William Shakespeare EssayIn Act3 Scene5 witnesses the last meeting of Romeo and Juliet before he has to leave to Mantua. This is interrupted by Juliets father who insists that she marries Paris on Thursday, Juliet protests strongly as she is already married to Romeo, but her father does not know this and he gets angry and starts insulting her when she says she wont marry Paris for apparently no reason. He gets so angry he threatens to disown her if she does not comply with his wishes, he says, Graze where you will, you shall not house with me; this quarrel also upsets Juliets mother and now she wont talk to Juliet, Juliet then turns to the Nurse, who urg es her to marry Paris also. Feeling betrayed she sends the Nurse away and then resolves to seek Friar Lawrences aid. Act4 Scene2 sees a big problem in Friar Lawrences plan for Juliet to take the potion to make her seem dead and getting a letter to Romeo in time explaining what is going on. The hope given to Juliet that everything was going to turn out good is shattered when news from her father that the wedding is going to be tomorrow a day earlier than planned, Ill have this knot knit up tomorrow morning. This means it wont be easy to get a letter to Romeo in time. Act5 Scene1, Romeo gets news from Balthasar about Juliet, but the news is inaccurate, Balthasar explains that Juliet is dead, Her body sleeps in Capels monument. Romeo, deeply upset from news of Juliets death decides to ride in to Verona to see Juliet one last time before dieing at his side, he uses all the money he has to hire a horse and buy a bottle of poison. The scene ends with him heading to Verona saying, Come, cordial and not poison, go with me to Juliets grave, for there I must use thee. This is seen as a loving gesture from Romeo as the word cordial means a healthy drink, like when someone is making a toast the drink in their hand is described as a cordial. In Act5 Scene2 Friar John the person who was to deliver the message to Romeo explains that he was quarantined in a house due to threat of plague and could not deliver the letter and gives it back to Friar Lawrence, I could not send it here it is again Nor get a messenger to bring it thee, so fearful were they of infection. So Friar Lawrence, knowing Romeo does not know that Juliet is not actually dead; tries to send another letter to Romeo in Mantua, unknown to him that he is already on his way to Verona to see Juliet. Act5 Scene3 is the result of the consequences throughout the play; Romeo kills Paris whilst trying to gain entry to Juliets tomb, sees her and drinks the poison and dies at her side as he wished, O true apothecary! Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. Romeos body is found by Balthasar and Friar Lawrence next to Juliet. Juliet then wakes to find Romeo dead, and ignores Friar Lawrences advice to flee with him and she stabs herself with Romeos dagger, O happy dagger, this is thy sheath; there rust, and let me die. The pair of lovers are then discovered by Capulet and Montague, who because of Romeo and Juliet reconcile their differences and promise to set up a golden statue of the young lovers. The feud between the Capulets and Montagues meant that Romeo and Juliet could never show their love openly. If there was no feud this would have stopped Capulet forcing Juliet to marry Paris in Act3 Scene5 and he would accept Romeo as his son-in-law, also Tybalt may not have fought Romeo as he would have realised they were related and have no reason to kill Mercutio as they wouldnt be enemies. .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 , .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .postImageUrl , .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 , .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20:hover , .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20:visited , .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20:active { border:0!important; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20:active , .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20 .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02dfea7cd6a889591ca8fe859c386a20:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic Significance EssayRomeo and Juliet themselves can also be blamed for being married too quickly, they met on Sunday and married on Monday; it was too impatient and self-centred. Yet despite their hastiness to be married, their language and actions do suggest deep love for each other: Act2 Scene6 when they get married, Act3 Scene3 Romeo tries to stab himself when he hears Juliet is upset because he killed Tybalt and believes she no-longer loves him, and Act4 Scene1 when Juliet is talking with Friar Lawrence about killing herself to avoid being married with Paris. Finally the other characters that contribute to Romeo and Juliets death are Friar Lawrence: He is the one who decided to agree with their secret marriage in the first-place, and came up with the plan to help Juliet not get married to Paris which ended in Romeo and Juliet dieing. Though if he hadnt intervened then they would already be dead as he is the one who helped them over-come their want to die, and without him the feud between the Capulets and the Montagues would still exist as no-one would be their to explain what happened. Capulet: He became a problem when he insisted that Paris was to marry Juliet, this was sorted out by Friar Lawrence but when he brought the wedding forward by a day it didnt give Friar Lawrence enough time to send the message to Romeo. Tybalt: He was a problem since he swore revenge on Romeo for coming to the Capulets party, when he caught up with Romeo, he killed Mercutio then was slain by Romeo which got Romeo banished from Verona, if this hadnt happened, Romeo would know about Friar Lawrences plan. Looking at the story of Romeo and Juliet, there are many factors surrounding the tragedy of the star-crossed lovers, it would seem that their love was destined to be doomed from the very beginning, yet their love and unity remains through the unity of the Capulets and Montagues at the end and by the gold statue that is put up in their honour.

Literary Analysis Essay - A Complete Guide With Example

A literary analysis essay specifically examines and evaluates a piece of literature or a literary work. It also understands and explains the links between the small parts to its whole information. It is important for students to understand the meaning and the true essence of literature to write a literary essay. Quick Links 1. What is a Literary Analysis Essay? 2. How To Write A Literary Analysis Essay 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Body 2.3 Conclusion 3. Types of Literary Analysis Essay 4. Examples of Literary Analysis Essay 5. Literary Analysis Topic Get Professional Help Writing such an essay involves the breakdown of a book into small parts and understanding each part separately. It seems easy, right? Trust me, it is not as hard as good book reports but it may also not be extremely easy. You will have to take into account different approaches and explain them in relation with the chosen literary work. Continue reading for some useful tips with an example to write a literary analysis essay that will be on point. You can also explore our detailed article on writing an analytical essay. 1. What is a Literary Analysis Essay? A literary analysis essay is an important type of essays that focuses on the detailed analysis of the work of literature. The purpose of a literary analysis essay is to explain why the author has used a specific theme for his work. Or examine the characters, themes, and settings in the story. This type of essay encourages students to think about how the book has been written. And why the author has created this work. The method used in the literary analysis essay differs from other types of essays. It primarily focuses on the type of work and literature that is being analyzed. Mostly, you will be going to break down the work into various parts. In order to develop a better understanding of the idea being discussed, each part will be discussed separately. The essay should explain the choices of the author and point of view along with your answers and personal analysis. 2. How To Write A Literary Analysis Essay So how to start a literary analysis essay? The answer to this question is quite simple. The following sections are required to write an effective literary analysis essay. By following the guidelines given in the following sections, you will be able to craft a winning literary analysis essay. 2.1 Introduction The aim of the introduction is to establish a context for readers. You have to give a brief on the background of the selected topic. It should contain the name of the author of the literary work along with its title. The introduction should be effective enough to grab the reader’s attention. 2.2 Body In the body section, you have to retell the story that the writer has narrated. It is a good idea to create a summary as it is one of the important tips of the literary analysis. Other than that, you are required to develop ideas and disclose the observed information related to the issue. The ideal length of the body section is around 1000 words. Your personal observation should be based on critical articles and stand out with your own style of writing. It would be great if the body of your essay is divided into three paragraphs. Make a strong argument with facts related to the thesis statement in all of the paragraphs in the body section. 2.3 Conclusion Summarize the important points of your literary analysis essay in this section. It is important to compose a short and strong conclusion to help you make a final impression of your essay. Make sure this section does not contain any new information. It should provide a sense of completion by restating the main idea with a short description of your arguments. End the conclusion with your supporting details. You have to explain why the book is important. Also, elaborate on the means that the authors used to convey her/his opinion regarding the issue. Downloadable Literary Analysis Essay Outline (PDF) 3. Types of Literary Analysis Essay There are different types of essays of such kind. The way you write them will completely depend on the discipline such as History, Marketing, Literature, Social Studies, etc. The following are the several types of literary essays with their descriptions. This will help you choose your own paper pattern and analyze the work. Close reading - This method involves attentive reading and detailed analysis. No need for a lot of knowledge and inspiration to write an essay that shows your creative skills. Theoretical - In this type, you will rely on theories related to the selected topic. Historical - This type of essay concerns the discipline of history. Sometimes historical analysis is required to explain events in detail. Applied - This type involves analysis of a specific issue from a practical perspective. Comparative - This type of writing is based on when two or more alternatives are compared 4. Examples of Literary Analysis Essay Examples are great to understand any concept, especially if it is related to writing, examples are the top ways to understand the basics. Below are some great literary analysis essay examples that showcase how this type of essay is written. If you do not have experience in writing essays, this will be a very chaotic process for you. In that case, it is very important for you to conduct good research on the topic before writing. There are two important points that you should keep in mind when writing a literary analysis essay. First, remember that it is very important to select a topic in which you are interested. Choose something that really inspires you. This will help you to catch the attention of a reader. The selected topic should reflect the main idea of writing. In addition to that, it should also express your point of view as well. Another important thing is to draft a good outline for your literary analysis essay. It will help you to define a central point and division of this into parts for further discussion. 5. Literary Analysis Essay Topics Literary analysis essays are mostly based on artistic works like books, movies, paintings and other forms of art. However, generally, students choose novels and books to write their literary essay. Some cool and fresh literary analysis essay ideas are listed below: Role of the Three Witches in flaming Macbeth’s ambition. Analyze the themes of the Play Antigone, Discuss Ajax as a tragic hero. The Judgement of Paris: Analyze the Reasons and their Consequences. Oedipus Rex: A Doomed Son or a Conqueror? Describe Oedipus complex and Electra complex in relation with their respective myths. Betrayal is a common theme of Shakespearean tragedies. Discuss Identify and analyze the traits of history in T.S Eliot’s ‘Gerontion’. Analyze the theme of identity crisis in The Great Gatsby. Analyze the writing style of Emily Dockinson.

Aviation management The WritePass Journal

Aviation management How did Stansted get the go ahead to become London’s 3rd airport? Aviation management ). It became apparent in the 1960s that there was need to meet considerable growth anticipated into the future. This gave rise to proposals for a new airport and expansion of existing capacity. Stansted, a former military airfield in Essex, was proposed as a third airport in 1963 and was thereafter endorsed by a Government White Paper in 1967 (HC Hansard, 1971; Stansted Airport, 2013). A subsequent inconclusive public inquiry led to the setup of the Commission for the Third London Airport, popularly referred to as the Roskill Commission tasked with review of sites for a third airport (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972; UKCAA, 2013). With its evaluation of the timing of need, the requirement for expansion of capacity, and after a careful study of a total of 80 proposed project sites, four sites were finally chosen, principal among them a new airport at Cublington in the Vale of Aylesbury. It was deemed to offer best access situated in the key London-Birmingham axis away from built-up areas and would cost less than most of the alternatives (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). This proposal however met with strong opposition from local people, politicians and middle-class voters making it politically untenable (FT, 2014). An influential member of the Roskill Commission, Colin Buchanan, in dissent on grounds of environmental and planning concerns, proposed a new alternative at Maplin Sands, Foulness in the Thames Estuary. This opened the door to strong political opposition against Cublington with the latter proposal becoming the preferred option of the Conservative government of the day which thus disregarded Roskill’s proposal (FT, 2014; Helsey and Codd, 2012; Mishan, 1970). Maplin had interestingly been considered by the Roskill Commission and had been decisively rejected on the basis of cost (the most expensive option overall), distance and convenience to prospective passengers (the most remote) (FT, 2014; Mayor of London, 2013). With all the political support and progress towards the Maplin proposal, it was not built (FT, 2014; Helsey and Codd, 2012). The cost of the constituent deep-harbour, rail links, motorways, new towns to accommodate workers, and surface route to the airport was an astronomical  £825 million (estimated at  £8,448 million today) (Helsey and Codd, 2012). To many, including the opposition party then – the Labour Party, this was regarded as unacceptable (FT, 2014). With the coming to power of the Labour Party a change in complexion, the Maplin airport project was abandoned in July 1974 (FT, 2014). A reappraisal of passenger projections in the new regime indicated â€Å"over-optimism† in forecasts showing that there was adequate capacity until 1990 at Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton, aided by regional airports (AOA, 2013; UKCAA, 2013). However, with increasing competition from abroad and passenger numbers once more rising, the need for expansion became apparent. British Airports Authority (BAA), owner of the Stansted Airport, submitted plans for its expansion and with significant lobbying by its Chairman Norman Payne and the enlisting of support from Margaret Thatcher, the Maplin scheme was abandoned in favour of a cheaper plan to enlarge Stansted (Mayor of London, 2013). This option had also been considered by Roskill and had not made the shortlist of key options (FT, 2014). The expansion of Stansted was accomplished a decade after its proposition but was a predictable failure challenged by a lack of success in attracting and supporting long-haul operations by airlines (World Airline Directory, 2001; UKCAA, 2013). It was however to benefit from the emergence of low-cost carriers, principally Ryanair, which were drawn by attractive landing charges which offset consequent inconvenience to their passengers (UKCAA, 2013; Mayor of London, 2013; BBC, 2011). Airport policy in the UK has been a case study of political short-termism with the location of an additional (3rd) airport for London in a dilemma. Heightened by uncertainy over demand and growth estimates and a general lack of bold political action, decisions are challenged by political considerations making inland airports unfeasible and economic considerations making coastal airports unfeasible. This has led to the postponement of requisite action with policy makers often prone to swaying given the intense and incessant lobbying and political pressures. References Abelson, P. and A., Flowerdew, 1972. Roskills successful recommendation. In: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 135. No. 4, pp.467 Airports Operators Association, 2013. The Airport Operator, Autumn 2013. BBC, 2011. Heathrow and Stansted runway plans scrapped by BAA, 24 May 2010. Viewed on 30/1/2014 from: bbc.co.uk/news/uk Financial Times, 2014. Londons new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 House of Commons Hansard, 1971. Third London Airport (Roskill Commission Report). 4th March. Vol. 812. cc1912-2078. HC Helsey, M., and F., Codd, 2012. Aviation: proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012. House of Commons Library. Viewed from: http://cambridgemba.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/sn4920-1946-2012-review.pdf Mayor of London, 2013. Why London needs a new hub airport. Transport for London. Viewed from: tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/26576.aspx Mishan, E., 1970. What is wrong with Roskill? London: London School of Economics Stansted Airport, 2013. Press Release. Viewed on 1st Feb 2014 from: stanstedairport.com UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics – Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority. World Airline Directory, 2001. Flight International. Stansted Airport, Stansted, Essex, 27 March  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2 April 2001. CM241SB, UK Given the urgent need to find a solution to UK airport capacity why do you think the government wishes to delay the process? Political intrigues and myriad arguments still mire the London airport expansion pursuit half a century later with the current Howard Davies Airports Commission set up in 2012 still wading in the long running controversy (FT, 2014). Continued political posturing, hedging and stonewalling still characterizes this pursuit for a viable solution given the readiness to oppose policies espoused by those of different complexions and political stand and complication of issues hindering bold decisions and action (FT, 2014; CAPA, 2013). With reference to previous government airport policies, this section evaluates the desire of government to postpone a decision on the final solution to meet need until after the 2015 general election. In the Davies Commission’s view, the capacity challenge is yet to become critical and there is need for action as there is potential for it to be (The Independent, 2014; Airports Committee, 2013a). These findings contained in its December 2013 interim report (preceding a final report expected in 2015) are based on the acknowledgement of continued growth of air travel, mainly in the South East of England with the need for an extra runway by 2030 and another possibly by 2050. For the short and medium term, the Commission has made a raft of proposals to enhance efficiency of airline and ground operations (Airports Commission, 2013b). Ideally, the latter proposal is arguably most appropriate given that operational and design improvements have hitherto enabled the handling of more volumes than anticipated, extending current capacity and enabling full and efficient use of available resource (UKCAA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). On the Commission’s shortlist of options for the short and medium term include a third runwayand lengthening of an existing runway at Heathrow, and a new runway at Gatwick. The proposal for a brand new airport in the Thames Estuary is side-lined citing uncertainties and challenges surrounding it with the Commission however promising to evaluate its feasibility and to arrive at a decision regarding its viability later in 2014 as well as longer term expansion options at Stansted and Birmingham (CAPA, 2013; Airport International, 2012). The government however says that it will not make a final decision in this regard until after the 2015 general election pushing the responsibility to the next government (CAPA, 2013; FT, 2014). When the Coalition government came to power in 2010, it scrapped former Labour government’s plan for a third runway at Heathrow to which it had been strongly opposed instead favouring the creation of a new hub airport in the Thames Estuary (Helsey and Codd, 2012). Given renewed focus on Heathrow, there seems to be a deliberate decision by government to avoid offending the electorate in its turnaround from its manifesto commitment, as well as to avoid political turbulence in the run up to the forthcoming elections (FT, 2014; CAPA, 2013). It is widely accepted that Prime Minister David Cameron set up the Davies Commission in a bid to postpone or to defuse controversy, maintaining a dishonest ambiguity until after the general election (FT, 2014). Heathrow is a popular preference given the support it receives from the majority of politicians (except those with constituencies on the flight path); business and powerful representative lobby bodies; airlines; air alliances; remote UK regional airports benefiting from international connections; as well as domestic and international aviation representative bodies (CAPA, 2013; FT, 2014). Critics state that the inclusion of other airports is intended at making the proposals not to seem too Heathrow-centric and is aimed at political expediency (FT, 2014, CAPA, 2013). It would have been political dynamite for the Commission not to have made positive clamours with regard to runway capacity warding off accusations of ministers trying to kick the controversy ‘into the long grass’, a scenario which has bedevilled such pursuits for half a century (CAPA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). From the 1967 Government White Paper permitting the expansion of Stansted, through subsequent inquiries and the Roskill Commission in the early 1970s, the quest for expanded capacity continues with arguments going back and forth around similar proposals and sites (FT, 2014; UKCAA, 2013). Expansion at Heathrow is an easy road given that it is relatively cheaper and has less challenges but for the environmental concerns of noise pollution and carbon emissions which cannot be ignored or wished away (Airports Committee, 2013a). The option for expansion at Stansted is impeded by previous capacity limitation by the 1985 White Paper, though it got reprieve in the 2003 ‘Future of Air Transport’ White Paper and an extension of passenger capacity limit by the courts (DOT, 2003). Yet, Stansted has historically been challenged with regard to its support of long-haul flights; preference by airlines; as well as environmental concerns (World Airline Directory, 2001; UKCAA, 2013). The T hames Estuary option despite being the most environmentally sound is challenged by economic considerations regarding not only the cost of building the airport but also the requisite surface links, and costs associated with imminent closure at Heathrow. There is also difficulty in the estimation of effects it will have on demand and airline operations (The Independent, 2014; Airports Commission, 2013b; Airport International, 2012). This scenario highlights the present dilemma facing political players and government, which is what leads to their general uncertainty and a general lack of boldness in approach. Intense lobbying and political pressure has consequently led to the postponement of decisions and the backtracking by government from its pledge. The divide in opinion and arguments causing uncertainty hands politicians a license to continue to do nothing at all. References Airports Committee, 2013a. Emerging thinking: Aviation Capacity in the UK. 7th October. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aviation-capacity-in-the-uk-emerging-thinking Airports Commission, 2013b. Short and medium term options: proposals for making the best use of existing airport capacity. 7th August. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/short-and-medium-term-options-proposals-for-making-the-best-use-of-existing-airport-capacity Airport International, 2012. Thames Estuary Airport Is Not A Short Term Solution. 4 July 2012. CAPA, 2013. The Davies Commission’s Interim Report on UK airports: the big loser remains UK competitiveness. Centre for Aviation. Department of Transport, 2003. The Future of Air Transport White Paper and the Civil Aviation Bill. Viewed on 14/1/2014 from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers Financial Times, 2014. Londons new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 Helsey and Codd, 2012. Aviation: proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012 The Independent, 2014. Sir Howard Davies Airports Commission: Air travel could be transformed within a few years – with no more stacking. 17th December, 2013 UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics – Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.

Finance Research and New Zealand Essay

Finance Research and New Zealand Essay Finance: Research and New Zealand Essay Fundamentals of Research Article Critique Analysis of Chinese Travellers' Attitudes Toward Holidaying in New Zealand: The Impact of Socio-Demographic Variables Rebecca Caldwell 100800271 Vy Bui 100737215 George Brown College Fundamentals of Research Article Critique Analysis of Chinese Travellers' Attitudes Toward Holidaying in New Zealand: The Impact of Socio-Demographic Variables For the purpose of studying research methods used in the industry of hospitality, we have chosen to critique Asad Mohsin's (2007) study of mainland Chinese holidaymakers' attitude and interest in New Zealand activities and the effect of socio-demographics on their travel. Mohsin states in his report that there is an association between a destination and emotion, ranging from positive to negative (Mohsin, 2007, 22). It is the goal of this study to examine which emotions are evoked when considering New Zealand, from whom, and for which activities. The findings of this study were factors such as relaxation and intellectual/curiosity of discovering new ideas and place, especially through encountering different cultural backgrounds, were important to Chinese seeking to travel abroad. The least important factors being activities associated with challenge ratings, such as bungy jumping and water skiing. Also, contrary to popular belief gambling in c asinos was given a low rating of importance (Mohsin, 2007, 35). The process by which this information was gathered was through surveys, distributed in dense population areas. The study’s purpose is clearly outlined as â€Å"to explore the attitude of the Mainland Chinese holidaymakers, their interest in the tourism and hospitality features on New Zealand and the impact of socio-demographic variables on their travel motivation." (Mohsin, 2007, 21) The reason for wanting to study these travellers is to improve and retain the current trends attracting Mainland Chinese holidaymakers to New Zealand to continue to meet the needs of Chinese travellers. One thing the study lacks is a proper hypothesis. There has been no prediction of what the study may reveal, only the results of previous study findings. In order to arrive at his conclusion, Asad Mohsin developed a likert scale in order to measure the attractiveness of certain activities using a numerical system, numbers one throug h seven, to represent whether the activity is of importance to the travel to experience. An option for zero was also included due to the cultural mannerisms of the Chinese to avoid giving offence to their hosts. The zero is a way for those individuals that had not ever experienced an activity could give a non-response. The survey was first created in English then translated into Mandarin. The survey was also used in a trial to determine whether anything was left out or if there were questions that were hard to understand. Those who participated in the trial surveys were interviewed after taking the survey. Once the survey was finalized, it was administered in randomly selected major shopping centres in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. These cities were selected on basis of having the largest concentration of outbound holiday makers in China. After all data was collected, reliability of all responses was analysed using a half-split model, Keaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and the Bartletts t est in order to measure adequacy and sphericity. After testing, the data was analyzed through sorting the data using mean averages and dividing it into age categories. Using this strategy helped to determine what demographic to target for marketing and what activities these individuals are most interested in. The author indicates that approval was obtained from the appropriate review boards. The study focused on the impact of socio –demographic of Chinese to make travel decision in New Zealand, what motivates Chinese travel to New Zealand, and how activities in New Zealand attract Chinese travellers. Asad Mohsin used many ways

Designing babies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Designing babies - Essay Example The Greeks had similar ways to cleanse their society. The Spartans used to have their babies inspected by a council of elders and the potential unhealthy ones were left to die outside. This concept of artificial cleansing is referred to as eugenics, a practice seen in the twentieth century under Hitler’s Nazi Germany. The atrocities committed during that time put a dampener on this practice. Advancement in the field of genetics has resulted in a new interest with regard to health and eugenics. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis is a technique by which one or two cells are removed from a blast cyst generated by in vitro fertilization so that the embryos can be tested for single gene disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. The benefit from this is parents trying to have children have an opportunity to eliminate some possible diseases and abnormalities they may carry a gene for. The development of a technique called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) gave further fillip to this concept. The basic idea was that an embryo could be tested to find a perfect donor for treatments like organ and bone marrow transplantation. But artificial intervention has raised a lot of moral and ethical dilemmas. It can be justified if this is done in a life and death situation where a transplant can save a life (without the donor being seriously deprived in turn). But this technique has now degenerated into other disturbing areas. According to the celebrated author Debora L Spar, parents now utilize this procedure not for health reasons but by â€Å"those who want to select their child’s gender.† (Spar, 99). The Steinberg’s Fertility Centre in California even gets requests to help couples have babies with specific traits. Thankfully, technology has not developed to such an extent yet. The new eugenics have not yet resorted to killing of newborn babies, but is getting close by

Economists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economists - Essay Example Fisher was born in 1876 and received his Business Administration degree and Ph. D in Yale University. As the professor of economics and mathematics at Yale University, Irving Fisher developed extensive concepts concerning money supply and price fluctuations using mathematical evidence (Allen, 1977). Fisher was among the most accurate and leading economists of the 20th century. He used his acquired knowledge and skills from Yale to observe and analyze dramatic and complex macroeconomic events during his era. Fisher also proposed appropriate solutions to the Great Depression that crippled the U.S economy and other aspects of life. The crash of the stock market in the U.S in 1929 and consequential falling of stocks and goods’ prices prompted Fisher to revise his economic theories on price fluctuations, debt and the depression caused by these factors (Mendoza, 2009). Fisher formulated a debt-deflation theory and named the financial crisis, the Great Depression, which is currently used to relate to the economic recession in the U.S.The debt-deflation theory indicates that consumers borrow money for investment on speculation and imagine profits, which leads to losses, debt, deflation and pessimism. Thesis Statement: Irving Fisher has a significance impact on the prevailing U.S economy through his debt-deflation theory, which examines the causes of debt, the deflation and the solutions of the subsequent financial crisis in relation to the current U.S economic instability. Significance of Irving Fisher’s Debt-deflation Theory Irving Fisher’s debt-deflation theory was essential in the Great Depression era and in current U.S economic crisis because it clearly explains the factors that cause the debt and the resultant ripple effect on the economy. The U.S economy is essential in the global market because it is the largest trading partner in the world, which means its financial crisis affects all other foreign economies. The following are causes of deb t, stages of the financial crisis and proposed solutions as described and examined by Irving Fisher. a. Factors Led to the Great Depression i. Immediate Causes of Debt During the Great Depression, the two chief causes of debt for U.S citizens were over-investment, over-speculation and over-confidence (Fisher, 1933). Citizens, private sectors and the government borrowed money from banks, the federal government and other private financial lending institutions to conduct investments that they believed would result to higher returns and revenues. Many organizations and citizens wanted to invest borrowed money on new business ideas and receive abundant profits within a short time as compared to the ordinary investments that have moderate profits and interests. New inventions included building industries, railway lines, develop new resources, open real estates and new markets (Fisher, 1933). Financial lenders provided easy money, which led to over-borrowing. Most investors believe through speculation and over-confidence that they can borrow money at 6% and make profits of over 100% (Fisher, 1933). New industrial inventions and technology innovations prompted over-borrowing with the confidence of making a huge profit within a short period. Lucrative investment opportunities allowed people and organizations to have big debts. Major wars that the U.S initiated and

Reflecetion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Reflecetion paper - Essay Example This memo will address strengths and weaknesses, as well as the risks and opportunities of the expansion. Opportunities 1) Market expansion through economies of scope and scale. Understandably, by expanding to Italy, we are already growing our market share without the high costs of starting a new company in Italy. Its existing revenues and market share will be added to ours. At the same time, from Italy, we can expand further in Europe too. 2) Trend of merger and acquisitions (M&A) in the tourism industry. M&A is the trend in the global tourism industry, including hotels. The articles from Warwick Clifton, â€Å"The Global Hotel Industry: Big, Beautiful and Branded? Part One and Part Two,† highlight that M&A is becoming more prevalent across regional and national markets. International hotel chains are gobbling up local independent hotel chains, in order to rapidly expand across the world. We have to take advantage of M&A and purchase potentially lucrative chains to purchase. Threats 1) Weak Euro. An article from Wharton shows that a weak Euro is bad for hotel business because of dampened consumer confidence. When they cut back in spending, they do so for luxury goods and services, and that includes hotel services. Furthermore, a weaker euro means lower spending power. We can see potential increases in the prices of goods and services that we need in operating these Italian hotels. 2) Damp economic climate in Europe, in general, and Italy, in specific. The economic crisis is hitting several countries in Europe hard, including Italy. This can affect business in Italy for the next couple of years or more. 3) Mixed success in hotel business. The article â€Å"Market Conditions Tighten for Italian Hotel Industry† indicates uneven success in the Italian hotel industry. It says â€Å"Declines for the Padua, Genoa and Bologna markets highlight the difficult market conditions,† while â€Å"the seasonal market of Taormina & Messina in Sicily report ed double-digit RevPAR growth (+18.4 percent) YTD† (â€Å"Market Conditions†). We cannot expect immediate high return for our acquisition because of mixed business revenues due to the slack in the business climate. Strengths 1) Full control of how the chain should be managed. The top management can exert transformational changes that are required to raise the standards of the Italian chain. The home country management will have the power and authority to enact necessary changes to improve the quality of services in the chain. 2) Lower costs in terms of acquiring local knowledge and familiarity. Local managers and employees already know the cultural, operational, and budgetary idiosyncrasies of the host country. It is assumed that the existing human resources are familiar with the market characteristics enough to no longer need a costly comprehensive market research. 3) Empowered organizational culture can be used to enhance quality standards. We can enhance the standard s of the hotel enough to warrant higher hotel rates. We can use the empowered approach of the Italians to let them manage and own organizational changes that will benefit them as employees. 4) Acquisition expands HRM knowledge and skills for multinational operations. If we want to be a multinational hotel business, we must not be afraid of learning from different cultural environments. This acquisition will help our home HRM gain

Development of Tools for Learning in a Science Museum

Development of Tools for Learning in a Science Museum Introduction: Science museums and science centres are informal science institutions which are the effective channels that have been used as the tools to communicate science and technology to the public. These informal educational institutes provide various positive impact such as the memorable learning experiences influence to attitude and behaviour, the increasing of visitors knowledge and understanding of science, the personal and social inspirations which can enhance inter-generation learning, and the impact on encourage trust and understanding between the public and the scientific community (ECSITE 2009). Museums became the places for everyone including families, the American Association of Museum reported that in the US the majority group visited the museum in 2006 was the family group (Borun 2008). Parents usually bring their children to museums for many reasons, learning something new, relaxation, and entertainment (Laetsch et al. 1980; Wolins 1989; Falk Dierking 1992b; Falk Dierking 2000 ) There are long literatures of researches which study about family visitor learning in Museum and informal setting institutes in the Western culture. Many research attempt to understand the social behaviour and improve the learning experiences for the family visitors by investigated visitors attention and participation (KORAN et al. 1988; Judy Diamond 1986; McManus 1987; Falk 1991). For example, the research on the influence of children on the viewing behaviour of family groups by Judy Diamond in 1979 in Falk and Dierking, 1992 indicated that families tend to understand exhibition by trial and error and discussing among the group without reading instructions. Children likely to interact with exhibition more than their parents who tend to learn by looking for the information (Sherman Rosenfeld 1982). There are also broad perspectives of how people learning in the museums. For understanding of the museum experience Falk and Dierking, described that the physical, personal and sociocultural context are the important elements which affect the learning outcome in a design setting in exhibition and museums gallery (Falk Dierking 1992b; Falk Dierking 2000). Science Museum and Science Centre have a strategy in using many kinds of media to communicate the scientific concepts to their visitors such as text panels, multimedia panels, interactive exhibits, hands-on exhibits, and activities. In 1997 the study and development of family friendly exhibition by Minda Borun introduced seven concepts of the successful multi-ages users of interactive science exhibition in order to support the family learning in museum which are Multi-sided, Multi-user, Accessible, Multi-outcome, Multi-modal, Readable and Relevant (Borun Dritsas 1997; Borun et al. 1997; Borun 2008). In Thailand many people believe that science is very difficult and feel alienate from their life. The main customers of the informal science institutions in Thailand are students and families (NSM year report 2005-2009). In 2005 Aphiyas research on the public interest and awareness of science and technology in Thailand found that families prefer to spend their leisure time at shopping malls rather than museums. This might be result from the difficulty of accessibility to the exhibition by family groups. Moreover, the family groups might believe that their children could gain more knowledge from a science museum when they visit the museum along with their school class. However, there are very few researches and understanding about how people learning science through the exhibition and how to enhance the family learning behaviour in science museum in Thailand. Interestingly, museums offer free-choice learning experiences and motivate visitors to interact and gain the scientific concepts by themselves, most of the exhibitions in science museums or science centres are designed for a wide range of visitors from individual to multi-ages users. However, exhibitions might not usually provide enough support to promote a parent and child to learn scientific concept from an exhibition together (Borun 2008). It is a worthwhile study to research and develop tools that could encourage the family audiences learning science through science exhibitions. This research will conduct based on multidisciplinary areas of social science, science communication, and a science education framework. This study attempts to accumulate body of knowledge to understand the process in exhibitions tool development which relates to existent knowledge about media development, visitor interactions, and visitor behaviour. This could enhance the family users to participate, interact, and learn science from exhibits in museum gallery. The three exhibits tools in this research consist of a label written for specific group, an interactive instruction screen, and a video instruction. Text label is one of the most important elements in the exhibition. Visitors usually learn from label. In the Natural History Museum and Zoo the critical element of intent and engagement is narrative, particularly from panel (Stocklmayer et al. 2010). Many exhibitions use the mini text label not only provide their content, but also attracts visitors by their variety characteristics. Moreover, some research in exhibit labels indicated that the using of questions in label can facilitate the visitors behaviours of learning conversation and engage them to the exhibitions. (Hohenstein Tran 2007) The engagement with the science exhibition has been recognised as very important in learning science. Science exhibits themselves, usually, attract visitors to engage with, but they may not support visitors to learn (Haywood Cairns 2006). Touch screen instruction allows visitors engage with information of the exhibit. It might enhance families learning science from the exhibits. Miensner, 2007 applied the video tracking to observe the types of childrens behaviours in the interactive science exhibition from six science and discovery centres in the UK and US. She indicated that there were three main interactions between the young visitor and interactive exhibits which are imitation, performance, and explanation (Meisner et al. 2007). The study introduced a video instruction add-on interactive science exhibits. The video instruction provides the information about how to play or interacts with the exhibit and also delivers the explanation about the application of the scientific concept that exhibits in the form of video and text only. This kind of novel media has been applied at Launch Pad, the interactive science exhibition at Science Museum in London. In this study, the video instruction and explanation will be invented to enhance families learning with the expectation that family visitors might imitate directly from video and obtain the scientific messages. This research focuses on the study and development of three types of media tailored to science exhibitions in museum galleries, which aims to facilitate families learning scientific concepts from the existing science exhibits. This could enhance their learning process during their visit informal science institutions without the necessity to transform the whole structure of exhibits only for support family groups. Purposes of the study The purposes of the study are summarized as follows: To develop exhibitions tools base on informal learning theories that enhance families learning science in science museums. To study the effectiveness of the science exhibitions tools based on enhancing family learning science in science museums. To evaluate and find out that how much the tools enhance family learning science from science exhibits in science museums and are there any differences in relationships between tools and particular kinds of exhibits. Scope of the study This study will work toward the research questions by using two mains methodological approaches, quantitative and qualitative. The study will design, test and revise prototypes of the three tools, mini text label, VDO instruction, and touch screen label. This research will use questionnaires, interview, and observation of families action and interactions in order to gather the empirical data. The research study will examine and develop three types of the exhibition tools, which used to convey messages from the basic science exhibits to family groups (case study on National Science Museum Thailand), based on how the tools enable learning science through Thai family groups in order to enhance family learning science in science museum. The family in this research are defined as a multi-generational visiting unit with at least one adult over the age of 19 and one child between ages of 9 12 years The subjects of this study are families who visit National Science Museum Thailand. The population is limited to 100 families, fifty groups for experiment and the rest for the control groups (Borun Dritsas 1997) Research Questions: Which types of the tools, mini text label, VDO instruction, and touch screen label have ability to encourage and enhance family groups learning science in science museum? How these tools enable learning science for family groups? How to design the exhibits tools to encourage and enhance family learning science in science museum? Significance of the study This study will deepen the knowledge of science education and science communication that is applicable. The consequence of this finished research study will result in the development of the distinct tools that enable family learning science and accessibility to science exhibits in science museum. The research can be used as a model not only for other science museums and science centres, but also for other kind of museums to communicate their contents to multi-ages visitors effectively by using the beneficial result from this research to develop the tools which support their exhibition. The tools can enhance and encourage multi-ages groups access to the exhibits then gain more benefits from the exactly goals of the exhibition. This effective informal learning will over time hopefully develop positive attitudes toward science and will create a society more attuned to the acceptance of a scientific approach. Framework of the study The framework of this study has evolved as a consequence of the literature review in the field of informal education in science and technology, physical and social context as a family visitor in museum, narrative, meaning of media in museum and Thais family perception in science education. In Figure 1 the development of the three exhibition tools is based on informal learning in science education, narrative and media interpretation. The hypothesis is that families who utilize the exhibition tools for their instruction during interact with science museum exhibitions represent the increasing of the accessibility to science exhibitions, the understanding of science contents in exhibits and a positive attitude toward science. Input Family group (Parent-Child) Design: three exhibition tools base on narrative and media meaning in science communication, physical context and social context in museum Mini text label Interactive label Video instruction Knowledge fields Science Education ( informal) Science Communication Social Science Narrative and media development Quantitative Questionnaire Accessibility and difficulty to exhibits content Entertainment Science achievement Important of basic science Tools using Parent-Childs awareness toward basic science Qualitative Interview Tracking, video tracking Out put Science achievement (Familys learning science) Family better understanding of basic science FIGURE 1: FARMWORK OF THE STUDY

Correlational Research

Correlational Research There are many types of correlational research. The commonality among all types of correlational research is that they explore relationships between variables. Where descriptive research only described what was going on, correlational research talks about the link between different things. It is important to understand that correlational research does NOT tell us that Variable A caused Variable B, but rather that they are somehow related. For example, if I told you that there was a correlation between domestic violence (violence between family members) and bowling, you would look at me strangely. But there is a relationship between the variables (variable 1- domestic violence, and variable 2- bowling). As more people bowl in the US, more domestic violence occurs. [pic]  Ã‚   [pic] Does that mean that bowling causes domestic violence- like you had bad game and take it out on a loved one? Or domestic violence causes bowling- like you fight with a sibling and feel the need to take it out on some pins? As you have already guessed- one does not cause the other to occur, but they are related- for every time people bowl, I can predict that domestic violence will go up, and every time domestic violence goes down I should be able to find a lane at the local bowling alley. There is a hidden variable that links both of them together. In this case it is winter time. In the winter more people bowl and more people stay in their homes (which increases the chances of domestic violence). Direction of a Correlation [pic] [pic] Before we examine the different types of correlational research methods, understand that correlations can go in two directions: positive and negative. †¢ Positive Correlation: when two variables go in the SAME direction. For example, domestic violence and bowling. When bowling goes up, so does domestic violence. When domestic violence decreases, so does bowling. [pic] †¢ Negative Correlation: here the two variables go in DIFFERENT directions. For example, consumption of garlic and dating (now I am making this one up). The less garlic you eat, the more you date. The more garlic you eat, the less the date. One variable going in one direction can be used to predict the other variable going in the opposite direction. [pic] Correlational Coefficient Scientists measure the strength of a correlation by using a number called a correlational coefficient. Now you do not have to know how they get the number, but you should know what it means when you see it. The number range from -1 to +1. If two variables (like studying and grades) have a correlation above zero (like +. 76) then you have a positive correlation and the more you study, the better grades you have. If the number is below zero (like -. 2) then you have a negative correlation and when one variable goes up the other goes down (like garlic and dating). If two variables have a correlation of zero then they have NO relationship with each other. The closer the numbers go to either +1 or -1, the stronger the correlation. The strength has nothing to do with whether the number is positive of negative. A correlation of -. 88 is stronger than one that is +. 56. The closer the number gets to zero (whether positive or negative), the weaker the correlation. Are you a little confused? Try this! Types of Correlational Studies There are many different ways to show a correlation between two variables. Let's discuss some of the more popular ways; the survey method and naturalistic observation. The Survey Method [pic] Perhaps the most common type of research around is survey research. Every time you receive a letter in the mail asking you to take a minute and answer a few questions, or get a phone call begging for ten minutes of your time to speak about how you feel about , you are experiencing the survey method of research. All surveys have one thing in common, they ask questions. Now there are good and bad things about surveys in research. The good- no matter how you do it, internet, mail, phone, in person- they are fairly cheap. You can cover large populations of people easily if you use the phone or internet. The bad aspects of surveys are that first, the response rate is REALLY low (for every 100 mailing you send out, you will be lucky to get one back). Second, people can lie on the survey so you can always question the validity of your data. Let's break down the survey method as a tool of correlational study. Pretend our hypothesis was the more garlic people eat, the less they date. First, we have to come up with some survey questions (pretend they ask about the amount of garlic one has eaten in the past 6 months and how much they have dated in the past sixth months). Hopefully, when people answer the survey, we will see that people who have stated that they have eaten a lot of garlic have also answered that they have dated less (a negative correlation). But who are we going to give the survey to? As with ALL types of studies (except some case studies) we must choose a sample of people to take the survey (a sample is just a group of subjects). We have to first identify a population of people from which we are going to get the sample. The population includes anyone who can possibly be chosen to be part of the sample. If we are studying anorexic women and their dating habits we would choose a sample from a population of anorexic women. In the case of garlic and dating, I am going to limit my population to single men and women between the ages of 18-25 from the Suwanee area (if I do not limit my population, then I would have to start contacting people from all around the world). Now, how do I pick people to be a part of my sample? Do I call all my single friends in the Suwanee area and give them the survey? That would not be a very fair way of doing it. To make the survey valid I MUST randomly select a sample from the population. Random selection means that every person in my population has an equal chance of being selected for the survey. If I can do this, then my sample has a greatly likelihood of actually representing the larger population I am studying. How do I randomly sample my population- I can randomly pick names out of a phonebook (but in a way that is unfair to single people in Suwanee who do not have phones)- in other words, finding a truly random sample is not easy. Naturalistic Observation Another correlational research method is called naturalistic observation (although you can also use it as a descriptive research tool as well). Naturalistic observation is when a researcher attempts to observe their subjects in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all. Pretend I had a hypothesis: children who experience violence in the home or violent people. If I wanted to use naturalistic observation I would find groups of kids and watch them in their home life and compare that to their social life. I would follow them around everywhere they go. I would never interact with them- but just watch. If I see that every time a child experiences violence at home they are violent, I could claim that violence in the home and violent societal behavior are related, but I would NEVER know if the violence at home is causing the violence in society (it could be one of a million other things). Once again, at most, these types of studies show correlation. The pinnacle of all science is if it proves causation. Correlational Research Correlational Research There are many types of correlational research. The commonality among all types of correlational research is that they explore relationships between variables. Where descriptive research only described what was going on, correlational research talks about the link between different things. It is important to understand that correlational research does NOT tell us that Variable A caused Variable B, but rather that they are somehow related. For example, if I told you that there was a correlation between domestic violence (violence between family members) and bowling, you would look at me strangely. But there is a relationship between the variables (variable 1- domestic violence, and variable 2- bowling). As more people bowl in the US, more domestic violence occurs. [pic]  Ã‚   [pic] Does that mean that bowling causes domestic violence- like you had bad game and take it out on a loved one? Or domestic violence causes bowling- like you fight with a sibling and feel the need to take it out on some pins? As you have already guessed- one does not cause the other to occur, but they are related- for every time people bowl, I can predict that domestic violence will go up, and every time domestic violence goes down I should be able to find a lane at the local bowling alley. There is a hidden variable that links both of them together. In this case it is winter time. In the winter more people bowl and more people stay in their homes (which increases the chances of domestic violence). Direction of a Correlation [pic] [pic] Before we examine the different types of correlational research methods, understand that correlations can go in two directions: positive and negative. †¢ Positive Correlation: when two variables go in the SAME direction. For example, domestic violence and bowling. When bowling goes up, so does domestic violence. When domestic violence decreases, so does bowling. [pic] †¢ Negative Correlation: here the two variables go in DIFFERENT directions. For example, consumption of garlic and dating (now I am making this one up). The less garlic you eat, the more you date. The more garlic you eat, the less the date. One variable going in one direction can be used to predict the other variable going in the opposite direction. [pic] Correlational Coefficient Scientists measure the strength of a correlation by using a number called a correlational coefficient. Now you do not have to know how they get the number, but you should know what it means when you see it. The number range from -1 to +1. If two variables (like studying and grades) have a correlation above zero (like +. 76) then you have a positive correlation and the more you study, the better grades you have. If the number is below zero (like -. 2) then you have a negative correlation and when one variable goes up the other goes down (like garlic and dating). If two variables have a correlation of zero then they have NO relationship with each other. The closer the numbers go to either +1 or -1, the stronger the correlation. The strength has nothing to do with whether the number is positive of negative. A correlation of -. 88 is stronger than one that is +. 56. The closer the number gets to zero (whether positive or negative), the weaker the correlation. Are you a little confused? Try this! Types of Correlational Studies There are many different ways to show a correlation between two variables. Let's discuss some of the more popular ways; the survey method and naturalistic observation. The Survey Method [pic] Perhaps the most common type of research around is survey research. Every time you receive a letter in the mail asking you to take a minute and answer a few questions, or get a phone call begging for ten minutes of your time to speak about how you feel about , you are experiencing the survey method of research. All surveys have one thing in common, they ask questions. Now there are good and bad things about surveys in research. The good- no matter how you do it, internet, mail, phone, in person- they are fairly cheap. You can cover large populations of people easily if you use the phone or internet. The bad aspects of surveys are that first, the response rate is REALLY low (for every 100 mailing you send out, you will be lucky to get one back). Second, people can lie on the survey so you can always question the validity of your data. Let's break down the survey method as a tool of correlational study. Pretend our hypothesis was the more garlic people eat, the less they date. First, we have to come up with some survey questions (pretend they ask about the amount of garlic one has eaten in the past 6 months and how much they have dated in the past sixth months). Hopefully, when people answer the survey, we will see that people who have stated that they have eaten a lot of garlic have also answered that they have dated less (a negative correlation). But who are we going to give the survey to? As with ALL types of studies (except some case studies) we must choose a sample of people to take the survey (a sample is just a group of subjects). We have to first identify a population of people from which we are going to get the sample. The population includes anyone who can possibly be chosen to be part of the sample. If we are studying anorexic women and their dating habits we would choose a sample from a population of anorexic women. In the case of garlic and dating, I am going to limit my population to single men and women between the ages of 18-25 from the Suwanee area (if I do not limit my population, then I would have to start contacting people from all around the world). Now, how do I pick people to be a part of my sample? Do I call all my single friends in the Suwanee area and give them the survey? That would not be a very fair way of doing it. To make the survey valid I MUST randomly select a sample from the population. Random selection means that every person in my population has an equal chance of being selected for the survey. If I can do this, then my sample has a greatly likelihood of actually representing the larger population I am studying. How do I randomly sample my population- I can randomly pick names out of a phonebook (but in a way that is unfair to single people in Suwanee who do not have phones)- in other words, finding a truly random sample is not easy. Naturalistic Observation Another correlational research method is called naturalistic observation (although you can also use it as a descriptive research tool as well). Naturalistic observation is when a researcher attempts to observe their subjects in their natural habitats without interacting with them at all. Pretend I had a hypothesis: children who experience violence in the home or violent people. If I wanted to use naturalistic observation I would find groups of kids and watch them in their home life and compare that to their social life. I would follow them around everywhere they go. I would never interact with them- but just watch. If I see that every time a child experiences violence at home they are violent, I could claim that violence in the home and violent societal behavior are related, but I would NEVER know if the violence at home is causing the violence in society (it could be one of a million other things). Once again, at most, these types of studies show correlation. The pinnacle of all science is if it proves causation.

Finance and Banking Essay

â€Å"Identify an experience in which you failed to communicate a message.† As mentioned in the communication process, communication has only succeeded when the information given by the sender has been received and understood by the recipient. If the recipient has not understood the information, then this may not necessarily be the recipient’s fault. Typically, ineffective communications can be attributed to one of three things: 1. A poor message;  * The message was too short; * The message was too long; * The message was ambiguous 2. Poor transmission; * That the message is being delivered in a wrong format that the recipient both does not expect and understands; * That the message is being delivered when the recipient does not need it, and where the recipient will not expect to find it. 3. Poor reception;  * A lack of awareness; * Obstructionism; * A lack of understanding; A striking example where I failed to communicate a message was my first day as an ‘A’-Level biology teacher at a certain private college. I was lost and found myself tutoring a form 4 class instead of a form 6 class. Some of the teaching staff read, â€Å"Human monocytes were cultured for 24 h in serum-free AIM-V medium, followed by 24-h maturation by polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (polyI:C). Short term cultured, polyI:C-maturated DC, far more than immature DC, showed typical mature DC markers and high allogeneic stimulatory capacity and had high autologous stimulatory capacity in an influenza model system using peptide-pulsed DC. Electroporation of mRNA as an Ag-loading strategy in these cells was optimized using mRNA encoding the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Monocytes electroporated with EGFP mRNA, followed by short term, serum-free differentiation to mature DC, had a phenotype of DC, and all showed positive EGFP fluorescence. Influenza matrix protein mRNA-electroporated monocytes cultured serum-free and maturated with polyI:C showed high stimulatory capacity in autologous T cell activation experiments†. The text content was technically correct, but it was presented to the wrong audience, there was every chance that the students would not understand it. Such an example is a clear cut illustration of failure to communicate a message. â€Å"Investigate and discuss the possible forms of noise that can interfere with the communication process†. Communication noise refers to obstructions on effective communication that influence the interpretation of conveyed messages. While often looked over, communication noise can have a profound impact both on our perception of interactions with others and our analysis of our own communication proficiency. Forms of communication noise include psychological noise, physical noise, physiological and semantic noise. As postulated by (F. Teague, 2010), Nothing is so simple that it cannot be misunderstood hence all these forms of noise subtly, yet greatly influence our communication with others and are vitally important to anyone’s skills as a competent communicator. Psychological noise Psychological noise refers to qualities in us that affect how we communicate and interpret others. For instance, if you are preoccupied with a problem, you may be inattentive at a team meeting. Likewise, prejudice and defensive feelings can interfere with communication. Psychological noise results from preconceived notions we bring to conversations, such as racial stereotypes, reputations, biases, and assumptions. When we come into a conversation with ideas about what the other person is going to say and why, we can easily become blinded to their original message. Most of the time psychological noise is impossible to free ourselves from, and we must simply strive to recognize that it exists and take those distractions into account when we converse with others. Physical noise Physical noise is any external or environmental stimulus that distracts us from receiving the intended message sent by a communicator (Rothwell, 2011). Examples of physical noise include: others talking in the background, background music, overly dim or bright lights, spam and pop-up adverts, extreme temperatures, crowded conditions, a startling noise and acknowledging someone outside of the conversation. Semantic noise This is noise caused by the sender, that is, the encoder. This type of noise occurs when grammar or technical language is used that the receiver (the decoder) cannot understand, or cannot understand clearly. Semantic noise exists when words themselves are not mutually understood. Authors sometimes create semantic noise by using jargon or unnecessarily technical language. Physiological noise Physiological noise is distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches, medication, and other factors that affect how we feel and think.

Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Example

Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Example Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Individual Fundamentals of Macroeconomics Paper Essay Part 1 ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gross domestic product (GDP) – GDP is the total market value of all final services and goods produced in a given year in a given country. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Real GDP – Real GDP is the result of the production activity within a given country at a specific years prices. If one compares two or more periods of time using the same year’s prices for goods and services then the result is a purchasing power comparison as seen over time. This happens because the inflation effects have been mitigated by using constant prices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nominal GDP – Nominal GDP is simply GDP that has not been adjusted for inflation. Nominal GDP does not reflect purchasing power but does show how an economy has expanded and contracted in dollars. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unemployment rate – The most basic definition of an unemployment rate is those people who are unemployed but are actively seeking work and willing to work. It is typically expressed in the form of a percentage. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inflation rate – inflation is usually expressed in an annual percentage and is the price increase for goods and services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Interest rate – An interest rate is the percentage of the principal funds that is charged and paid for the use of money. It is expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR) for loans and annual percentage yield (APY) for interest earned. Whether one is experiencing a decrease in their taxes, is part of a massive layoff of employees, or is simply purchasing groceries, there is a resource flow from one entity to another and back again. Those entities cover government, businesses, and households. How those resources ebb and flow will differ with each situation and have an impact in a â€Å"trickle-down† effect from the government to businesses and finally to households. Decrease in Taxes When the Government decides to reduce taxes, the tax typically assumed to see the reduction is the income tax. â€Å"According to the  Internal Revenue Service (IRS), approximately 43% of tax revenues are generated through this tax. Personal income taxes are levied against income, interest, dividends and capital gains, with higher earners generally paying higher tax rates. (Investopedia, 2012) When a tax reduction occurs, the government will collect less taxes which reduces the amount of monies available for entitlement programs. Households can be affected in a couple of different ways. If a household is a higher wage earning household then less taxes can result in more discretionary income to spend at businesses who offer services the household members wish to utilize. If the house hold is lower income the decrease in taxes will increase their income but will adversely affect any entitlement programs in which they may be enrolled. For businesses, the reduction in income tax will affect their businesses per the consumer impact. If there is more discretionary income then more money is available to spend on their goods or services. If there is less discretionary income, then of course, the opposite would be true. Massive Layoff of Employees From a government standpoint and governmental employees, when there is a massive layoff of governmental employees, historically, there has not been more than a ripple in the unemployment rate overall. A 1995 survey and a subsequent 1999 follow up to municipalities in Illinois found that the average amount of people still unemployed after a governmental layoff was only 3. 8%. (Reason Foundation, 2012) From a governmental employee standpoint, there is not a large scale economic impact which means that the majority of affected governmental workers will still have income to spend at businesses and for their household needs. When private sector businesses have a massive layoff occur, they are required by Federal law to notify the affected employees 60 days in advance. The employees have an opportunity to look for other jobs in that timeframe, however, resources will begin to be held back by the households in the case of long term unemployment which will in turn cause business who offer the good and services to the affected families to experience a decrease in sales. Purchasing of Groceries Groceries are an inelastic product. People will purchase food regardless of the price because they need to eat. When a household purchases groceries, and pays a higher price for them in one grocery store versus another, the business which earned the opportunity for the sale will benefit. The government does not benefit from a tax standpoint on non-processed foods. Processed foods, however, are taxable; which is a benefit to the government. The Government may also pay a producer not to produce a food so as to stabilize the market. A couple of examples of this situation are in the commodities of rice and wheat. Producers are paid not to plant as much so the market price of the end product is stabilized. In fact, those producers are paid not to produce so there is no loss of income to those households. Conclusion Whether one is experiencing a decrease in their income taxes, is part of a massive layoff of employees or is simply purchasing groceries, there is a resource flow from government, businesses, and households. Resource flow also has an ebb phase. The entire cycle is driven by an almost an amazing number of determinants. These determinants all have an effect on the final outcome as to where and how the Government, businesses, and households use their finite resources. References Richard Coultier, Do Tax Cuts Stimulate the Economy? (June 23, 2010) Retrieved on January 23, 2012 from investopedia. com/articles/07/tax_cuts. asp#axzz1kIPnIgcg The Reason Foundation, Privatization and Layoffs (March 1, 2001) Retrieved on January 23, 2012 from http://reason. org/news/show/privatization-and-layoffs